Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women during their reproductive
age. This study was design to establish the relationship between this syndrome and follicle stimulating
hormone receptor defect by determination of lethal single nucleotide polymorphism that may play a
vital role in this syndrome. A total number of 500 women attending Kamal Al- Samarrai Hospital diagnosed
with PCOS were selected and divided according to their age into group one which includes (20–
30) years old women, group two included (31–40) years old women, and group three which included
(41–50) years old women. Fertility hormones (FSH, LH, and testosterone) were tested for all groups.
Results showed that LH increased significantly in groups three with low FSH, whereas testosterone
increased significantly in age group two. Molecular analysis of whole FSHR gene amplified using specific
primers showed the presence two SNPs rs6166, and rs6165 which are associated with drug response and
9 lethal missense mutation that caused sever effect on FSHR, that probably render this receptor more sensitive
to FSH without the possibility of feed back inhibition.

 Cancer is a standout amongst the most widely recognized and complex infections of the present century
since it happens because of numerous organic and physical responses. One of the amplest and most boundless
growths for the ladies today is Breast tumor, while prostate malignancy is a worry for some men. Computational
models of disease are being created to help both biological invention and clinical prescription. The In silico models
encourage the accumulation and utilization of trials to break down and separate rich organic data from vast natural
database. In this study, a total of seven data sets is used, that is, five data sets from the Universal Mutation Database
(UMD) TP53 database and two datasets from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) TP53 
database, are used to assess the work. Back propagation neural network with hybrid model of 5-fold cross-validation
and validation sets was used to classify and predict breast and prostate cancers in patients based on molecular
mutations located in the TP53 gene. The performance of the proposed system in the network testing phase was
determined to be satisfactory based on the average values for all folds of five indices (i.e., sensitivity = 97 and 96.5;
specificity = 96.6 and 97.3; accuracy = 98 and 96.7; F-measure = 98.1 and 97.1; and Matthew’s correlation
coefficient = 0.93 and 0.91) for breast and prostate cancers, respectively.
[In Silico Molecular Classification of Breast and Prostate Cancers using Back Propagation Neural Network.

 Cancer is a standout amongst the most widely recognized and complex infections of the present century
since it happens because of numerous organic and physical responses. One of the amplest and most boundless
growths for the ladies today is Breast tumor, while prostate malignancy is a worry for some men. Computational
models of disease are being created to help both biological invention and clinical prescription. The In silico models
encourage the accumulation and utilization of trials to break down and separate rich organic data from vast natural
database. In this study, a total of seven data sets is used, that is, five data sets from the Universal Mutation Database
(UMD) TP53 database and two datasets from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) TP53 
database, are used to assess the work. Back propagation neural network with hybrid model of 5-fold cross-validation
and validation sets was used to classify and predict breast and prostate cancers in patients based on molecular
mutations located in the TP53 gene. The performance of the proposed system in the network testing phase was
determined to be satisfactory based on the average values for all folds of five indices (i.e., sensitivity = 97 and 96.5;
specificity = 96.6 and 97.3; accuracy = 98 and 96.7; F-measure = 98.1 and 97.1; and Matthew’s correlation
coefficient = 0.93 and 0.91) for breast and prostate cancers, respectively.
[In Silico Molecular Classification of Breast and Prostate Cancers using Back Propagation Neural Network.

                                         
This study was constructed to discuss a Molecular Study of Cytomegalovirus
isolated from women with repeated miscarriage in relation to immune
response molecule Tall like Receptor2. About (100) blood samples from
women suffering from infection with Cytomegalovirus were collected from
infertility clinic of Kamal Al –Sammaraee hospital and (50) samples from
normal subjects served as control for comparison. Test subjects were divided
into two age groups: 20-30 years old and 31-40 years old. The women
distributed as (60) samples of infertile and (40) samples as miscarriage
women, included molecular analysis by using polymerase chain reaction
technique (PCR) for amplification two viral genes glycoprotein B (gB) that
showed molecular weight 72bp and immediate early gene (IE2) that showed
molecular weight 92bp. The amplification for TLR2 primer region showed
molecular weight 419bp. After successful amplification of TLR2 gene good
quality products were selected to be sequenced. The result showed that there
is no mutation at TLR2 only replacement of C instead of G in wild type.
PCR amplified for ILT2 primer region showed molecular weight of 285bp. 
Among ten Iraqi patients, only six give positive result when compared with
healthy control; the type of mutation is deletion and substitution. The
percentage of mutation types were deletion mutation (13.3%) and (86.7%)
for substitution mutation. the effect of mutation was missense mutation
(72.7%), Silent mutations (15.1%) and deletion mutations (12.2%).  
 

In this work, sample of workers who are in contact with heavy metals were selected. Those were
distributed as follow car customizers and welders (CW) (25), bakers (20) local power generator
operators “operators” (15), and control men who their occupation was far from such contact (20).
The study included measurement of testosterone, LH and FSH as fertility hormones, measurement
of lead and cadmium (Cd) as heavy metals, and exposure to heat during the working day. Results
showed that fertility hormones were within the control levels in all subjects; only a significant
increase (p≤0.05) was recorded in LH in (CW) compared with control. Seminal fluid analysis
(SFA), showed a decrease in total sperm count in all samples when compared with control. No
significant raise was found in heavy metals in bakers, while a significant elevation of both types of
heavy metals were recorded in blood of (CW) and (operators). It is concluded that occupation might
result in elevating levels of heavy metals in welders and car customizers, and local power generator
operators.  
 

In this study; a total of 150 hyperprolactinemic women their ages (20-50) years are collected from Kmal AlSamaraee
hospital
and 50
for
normal
healthy
women
used
as
control.
The
patients
were
divided
into
two
groups,

those
who
suffer
from
primary
infertility 
and
those
who
suffered
from
secondary
infertility,
then
the 150
patient

groups
were
divided
into
three
age
groups
(20-30),
(31-40)
and
(41-50)
years.
Test
of
fertility
hormones,
which

is
(LH
and
FSH)was
done
for
all
patient
groups
to
check
the
effect
of
high
prolactin
levels
on
the
level
of
other

hormones.
It
was
found
that
there
is
a
significant
difference
in
all
hormones
concentrations
(LH,FSH,PRL)
for

patients
when
compared
with
normal
healthy
groups
hormones,
according
to
type
of
fertility, 
both
in
primary

and
secondary
infertile  
women.
The
results
show
that
the
prolactin
levels
in
both
infertile
groups
were
higher
than in normal, healthy, fertile women which lead to decrease the concentration of fertility hormones.   Also, it
is obvious that the prolactin level in secondary infertile women higher than its level in the primary infertile
patients. The results indicate that the higher prolactin levels were in the age group (31-40) years, than of the
other two groups. 

 
Samples of 500 patients suffering from Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) were collected from 
Ibn Al-Baladi hospital and subjected for blood analysis. Most patients showed an elevated level of
HbF, HbA2, iron and eosinophels. Two primers were designed to amplify two regions of â-globin
gene, the first targeting the site from which gene expression begins, and the other is targeting the
coding region Dgn83. Results showed the presence of a common pathogenic mutation of Arab
countries at HBB, LOC107133510, LOC110006319 with phenotype MIM 603903, while changes
were detected at Dgn83 with not attribution to SCD. It is concluded that such mutation is the
main cause of SCD in Arab countries with specific phenotype that differ from other countries
around the world.

ABSTRACT : A total number of 50 males with malignant brain tumors were selected and subjected to study the involvement of
androgen receptor in glioma. Tissue samples were collected from Neuroscience Hospital in 2017 and submitted to molecular
analysis using specific primers designed for this purpose. Testosterone levels measured in all patients with glioma, and
significant change found in their blood (p <0.001). DNA sequencing for the individually amplified androgen receptor in tumor
tissue revealed the presence of 53 pathogenic mutations. These included Androgen resistance syndrome, Hypospadias 1, Xlinked,
Partial
androgen insensitivity
syndrome, and
Prostate
cancer
susceptibility.
Types of mutations
were frameshift
1
mutation, missense 46 variations and non-sense 6 mutations.
Two Open Reading Frame (ORFs)
were missing
from the
tumor
cell suggesting the formation of a deformed type of
AR
receptor.

ABSTRACT : A total number of 40 tissue sample from male and female suffering brain tumors were selected and subjected to
study the Genetic polymorphism in the BRAF gene that cause lethal deterioration in its function. Tissue samples were collected
from Neuroscience Hospital in 2017 and submitted to molecular analysis using specific primers designed for this purpose.
Thirty mutations were identified in BRAF region 28 of them are single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) with missense
translation and two deletions inframe type. All these mutation caused a pathogenic effect on the molecular consequence, located
on chromosome 7, benign at nucleotide 140, 753,333 and ended at nucleotide 140, 781, 600. An important finding that was
registered through NCBI with accession number LC421658 is a lethal stop codon at position 2032 on BRAF gene appeared
through gene analysis of Iraqi patients. This mutation was not reported in previous studies. The sequence of BRAF gene
isolated from Iraqi patient with brain tumor was registered in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with
accession number (NRM33).

Total 150 birds of the Ross 308 type were raised in the fields of the Faculty of Agriculture/Anbar University.
The breeding period lasted for 42 days. At the end of the breeding period, 60 birds were randomly selected.
The blood samples of the birds were individually taken through the jugular vein. The genetic analysis was
carried out in the laboratories of the Faculty of Biotechnology/University of Nahrain. The aim was to separate
the genetic material and thus determine the genotype of the FGFBP1 gene. The study examined the diagnosis
of genetic markers that are related to important characteristics of the carcass and the relationship between 
the study genes, the weights of the living birds, the measurements of the birds before the slaughter, and the 
characteristics of the carcass (carcass weight, net weight of the carcass and the percentage of carcasses,
Abdominal fat in the carcass and internal weights of the intestines that include liver, heart and legumes) for
the Ross 308 meat breeds are under study, thus identifying the frequency of the genotypes and replicating
the gene to obtain the best possibility to improve the economic characteristics of the chicken. The FGFBP1
gene was identified in the current study birds based on the packages that resulted from the DNA transfer of
the individuals after the electrical transfer was carried out using the PCR-RFLP technique and the restriction
enzyme Pst 1. The gene fragments (AA, AB, BB) were identified for FGFBP1 gene and were replicates of
the genotypes (30.00, 48.33, 21.67) respectively. The replication of gene A 0.54 and gene B 0.46 exceeded
the genetic makeup of the gene FGFBP1 The rest of the genotypes in the vivo characteristics of the first
week and the rate of increase in weight For weekly in the first week and the amount of feed consumed in the
week, second, third and feed conversion efficiency in the first week, the fourth week and the length of the
chest, chest width and depth of the chest in the first week of the period of education and carcass weight and
net carcass and the weight of the liver, heart and gizzard exceed significantly (0.05> P). FGFBP1 mutations
were identified after sequencing of mutations of 65% for each and 35% for the Ross 308 meat samples.

Abstract: The role of KRAS gene was investigated in manifestation of
colorectal cancer in Iraqi patients. A total 40 blood samples were collected
during October 2016 to January 2017 from AL-Amal Hospital in Baghdad
and 20 blood samples from healthy subjects served as control. Blood
samples were collected from subjects of 40-70 years old for both patients
and control. The study found that age group 61-70 years old were more
susceptible to colorectal cancer with ratio of 40% more than younger
individuals involved in this study with higher frequency in males with
75.5% than females who show 49.5% (p>0.01) when both compared to
the same gender. DNA extracted from positive cancer samples and
control were subjected to specific PCR amplification using 10 specifically
designed primers for this study to amplify KRAS gene exons. DNA
sequencing for the resulting amplicons showed the presence of significant
genetic change that included substitution and insertion, causing 15%
frame shift and 85% missense changes at positions 5920, consequently
led to sever disruption in KRAS function.

A total 200 tumor samples were collected from patients suffering from colorectal CRC at Al-Amal hospital. Their ages ranged from 40 –
70 years old and distributed according to gender as 130 male and 70 female. We found that CRC was more common in male than female,
and more frequent in elderly persons especially in age group of 61 – 70 years old. From 12 specifically designed primers that were able
to amplify KRAS gene in those patients’ blood samples, only 2 gave a specific band when tumor sample was used. Molecular analysis of
the sequence obtained from those two primers showed the presence of 83 missense mutations in both of them, 20 in the first sequence
were associated with pathogenic effect on KRAS gene, 3 frame shift, and 3 insertions, while in the second sequence obtained from primer
PK2
4
frame
shift

mutations, and 4 insertions were identified. The impact finding is that in both sequences, open reading frames
(ORFs) were developed that affected cell proliferation dramatically and produced truncated functionless proteins causing KRAS to cease
control over cell cycle.
 

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the association of factor V gene (F5  ( single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) with the incidence of thrombosis related to the Leiden in Iraqi patients. Blood
samples were collected from one hundred patients attending (AL Yarmook Teaching Hospital and
AL Kadhimiya Teaching Hospital) Baghdad / Iraq, as well as from 100 healthy subjects served as
control group.  Serum samples were analyzed using troponin test (TNT) for detection of thrombosis.
This study found that age group 50 to 60 years old showed thrombosis 45% more than younger once,
and the thrombosis was more frequent in males 55% than females 45% (P<0.01).   Polymerase chain
reaction showed that 28 pathogenic SNPs in DNA led to Leiden mutation identified among patients
as missense and additional open reading frame in mutated sequence. 

The effect of water extract from Tribulus terrestris was studied as an antiinflammatory
agent
on
albino
mice
with
Staph
aureus
infected
wounds
and
investigating

the
toxicity
of
this
substance.
Two
groups
with
ten
mice
in
each
one
were
used
to
conclude

this
part.
The
first
one
served
as
control
that
was
wounded
and
infected
by
Staphylococcus

aureus 
and
left
for
normal
healing
,
while
the
other
group
was
treated
with
the
extract

after

wounds were contaminated and infected with Staphylococcus aureus. The results
showed an accelerated healing in wounds treated with T. terrestris compared with control.
The cytotoxicity was performed on three groups of mice; every group included ten mice
divided as: control group, the second group was orally administrated with 75mg/kg of the
aqueous extract; the third group was administrated orally with 25mg/kg of the aqueous
extract. The administration last for 10 days. After 10 days, mice were killed and put for
autopsy histology slides were made from kidney and liver and compared with control
group. No change was observed among studied slides which may indicate that the extract
has no toxic effect on organs.

This study was constructed to invertigate  Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency, and the genetic disorder that leading to heamolysis anemia in group of Iraqi
patient. A total of 50 blood samples were collected from different hospitals (Yarmook
Hospital, Child hospital , AL Alweyaa , and Medical City) these samples varied in severity
in of the enzyme deficiency from mild to chronic according to the test of G6PD, and 20
samples served as control (healthy). The period time of samples collection took about
three months from March to June 2014. The percentage of mild symptoms was 42% , acute
symptoms was 40% and carrier G6PD was 18% as stated on statistics analysis of Chi
square. DNA was extracted from samples and subjected to PCR amplification using 3
specific primers designed for purpose of this study, the first primer (Frag I) with product
length 115 bp, second primer (FragII) with product length 1500 bp, third primer (Frag III)
with product length 2000 bp that amplify the specific site for the carrier and mild
patients with G6PD ,while no band was amplified for the chronic patients with G6PD.
After comparing cases and with NCBI we found that the percentage insertion was 30%
and substituted was 70%.

This study investigates Poly Cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) relation to infertility through a
biochemical and molecular at methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and PCOS gene.
Samples from patients suffering PCOS were collected from Kamal al
tissue samples were collected from Madinat al
samples from healthy women served as the control. Average ages of pa
20-50 years. Subjects were divided in to three age groups (20
Serum samples for all PCOS patients were measured for fertility hormones levels like Luteinizing
Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimula
recorded a significant decreased in age group (41
significant increase in age group (31
detected in PCOS gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done using a specific primers set to
amplify exon (2) of the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene. Another three primers
were designed to amplify the exons (5
sequencing that the percentage of substitution mutation was 88%, while the deletion mutation percent
was 12%. 
This study investigates Poly Cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) relation to infertility through a
biochemical and molecular at methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and PCOS gene.
Samples from patients suffering PCOS were collected from Kamal al
tissue samples were collected from Madinat al-Amamin Al-Kazimin Al
samples from healthy women served as the control. Average ages of pa
50 years. Subjects were divided in to three age groups (20-30), (31
Serum samples for all PCOS patients were measured for fertility hormones levels like Luteinizing
Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH and Testosterone hormone.
recorded a significant decreased in age group (41-50) years old, while LH and Testosterone recorded a
significant increase in age group (31-40) years old. The study confirmed the incidence of SNPs
detected in PCOS gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done using a specific primers set to
amplify exon (2) of the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene. Another three primers
were designed to amplify the exons (5-10) regions of (PCOS) gen
sequencing that the percentage of substitution mutation was 88%, while the deletion mutation percent
was 12%.  
This study investigates Poly Cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) relation to infertility through a
biochemical and molecular at methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and PCOS gene.
Samples from patients suffering PCOS were collected from Kamal al-Samarrai Hospital. Twenty
Kazimin Al-Tibbia Hospital. Fifty blood
samples from healthy women served as the control. Average ages of patients and control group were
30), (31-40) and (41-50), years old.
Serum samples for all PCOS patients were measured for fertility hormones levels like Luteinizing
ting Hormone FSH and Testosterone hormone. The FSH hormone
50) years old, while LH and Testosterone recorded a
40) years old. The study confirmed the incidence of SNPs
detected in PCOS gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done using a specific primers set to
amplify exon (2) of the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene. Another three primers
10) regions of (PCOS) gene. It was found after PCR product
sequencing that the percentage of substitution mutation was 88%, while the deletion mutation percent 
 

Abstract 
A total of one hundred birds of commercial broiler (Ros 308) were selected 
randomly from a private flock at the age of 42 days. Samples of blood were collected
from each bird individually then birds were slaughtered. The genetic analyses was
performed in the laboratories of College of Science, University of Al-Nahrain, The aim
of extract DNA to identify genotypes (Genotype) gene CAPN1. The study aimed to find
the relationship of these genes (genetic markers) some important qualities of sacrifice
(slaughter weight, the weight of the main Alqtaaat, edible viscera weight, dressing
percentage, abdominal fat weight) in broilers under study Knowing repeating and repeat
genotypes and gene sequences to gene CAPN1 To improve the qualities  the most
important economic to broilers Meat. The results could be summarized as following:
gene were determined in the broilers of the current study depending on the bands that
got it from the electrophoresis of the individuals DNA using RFLP technique and
restricted enzyme with  (Bam H1) and the genotypes were determined according to the
size of the parts of the gene for gene CAPN1. Three types of genotypes for the CAPN1
gene were determined according to the flock size, where AA, AB and BB. The genotype
frequency of the mentioned genotypes were 0.25, 0.55 and 0.20 respectively and the
gene frequency was 52.5% A and 47.5% B. The genotype BB of the CAPN1 gene was
superior significantly (P<0.01) as compared with others genotypes concerning live body
weight, carcass weight, thigh weight, gizzard, and the ratio of upper thigh to the breast
width. The correlation coefficients between CAPN1 gene and each of the live body
weight, carcass weight and breast weight were significant and positive. The genotypes
BB for the CAPN1  are the distinct as they superior significantly (P<0.05) compared
with others genotypes due to the polymorphism of these gene, hence, we recommend
the using as genetic markers in the selection programs. The mutations were determined
in CAPN1 gene as a result of studying the sequences that indicate the occurrence of
mutations for the Substitution and deletion types (37.5%) while 25% did not show any
change in the broilers samples. 

This study aimed to investigate the association of F5 gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
(SNP) with the incidence of thrombosis. Blood samples were collected from 40 patients during
the period from November 2014 to January 2015, from Critical Care Unit (CCU) of (Yarmook
Hospital, Kadhimiya Hospital), as well as from 10 unrelated healthy control group. This study
found the age group between 50 to 60 are more susceptible to thrombosis 45% and the thrombosis
was more frequent in male 55% from female 45% the significant (p<0.01). Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) was extracted from whole blood samples, whereas, serum samples were analyzed
using troponin test (TNT) for detection of thrombosis. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was
achieved on extracted DNA using eleven specific primers for F5 gene :the first primer (Fve3)
with product size (228bp), second primer (Fve4) with product size (310bp), third primer (Fve6)
with product size(547bp), fourth primer (Fve7) with product size (241bp), fifth primer (Fve8)
with product size (306bp), sixth primer (Fve12) with product size (286bp), seventh primer
(Fve13a) with product length (260bp), eighth primer (Fve13c) with product size (317bp), ninth
primer (Fve15) with product size (600bp), tenth primer (Fve16) with product size (333bp) and
eleventh primer (Fve25) with product size (390bp). PCR products of F5 gene were sequenced.
Result found to be change in DNA which was mostly SNP. This change was in three types:
substitution 24.86%, insertion 28.57% and deletion 28.57%, a Leiden mutation was also identified
among patients.

                  
This study was constructed to investigate hyperprolactinemia related
infertility through the molecular base   associated with single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) at prolactin gene  in hyperprolactemic patients with the
breast cancer risk. This study included one hundred fifty  blood samples from
patients suffering  hyperprolactinemia and infertility. Also twenty five tissue
samples of breast cancer patients were collected in which fifteen samples
were frozen tissue and ten samples were formalin fixed paraffin embedded
tissue. Fifty blood samples from healthy persons were collected served as
control group. The main ages of patients were 20 to 50 and same for control
(healthy) group. it’s clear that  there is   substitution and  deletion mutation, 
in which the highest mutation number was in exon 2, which was 9 mutations,
all mutations in this exon was substitution ,while the less mutation number
was in exon 3 and exon4 which was 2 for each exon, one substitution and
one deletion mutation in exon 3 while the two mutations in exon 4 was
substitution  only. The risk association between the DNA  of
hyperprolactemic and breast cancer patients using information on national
center for biotechnology information (NCBI), and Mega 6  program. 

This study was constructed to discuss a Molecular Study of
Cytomegalovirus isolated from women with repeated miscarriage in
relation to immune response molecule Tall like Receptor2. About
(100) blood samples from women suffering from infection with
Cytomegalovirus were collected from infertility clinic of Kamal Al –
Sammaraee hospital and (50) samples from normal subjects served as
control for comparison. Test subjects were divided into two age groups: 20-30 years old and 31-40 years old. The women distributed as (60) samples of
infertile and (40) samples as miscarriage women. This study included Enzyme Linked
Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test was used to detect anti- HCMV antibodies IgG and IgM
in the patient serum samples. ELISA test result showed that the miscarriage women shown
highest percentage of seropositive to CMV for IgG (40%) and (25%) IgM compared to
infertile women IgG (20%) and (15%) IgM with a significant difference P<0.05.  It has been
concluded that there is high prevalence of anti- HCMV antibodies IgG and IgM in both
miscarriage and infertile women compared with normal (healthy) women in Baghdad, The
Seropositive of anti- HCMV IgG was higher in younger women (20-30) years old while the
largest age classes (31-40) years showed higher level of IgM. The CMV primers were 
selected from highly conserved region of the major enveloped glycoprotein B (gB) and used 
probe labeled at the 5 end with FAM and the 3 end with TAMRA. The result shown
amplification from the sixth cycle. 

Prolactin hormone is a polypeptide hormone of pituitary origin, whose production is controlled by dopamine.
Hyperprolactinemia is characterized by increased production of     prolactin hormone levels often leading to
reproductive dysfunction. The aim of this study is to investigate if there is any genetic variation or changes in
nucleotide sequences of Exon 1 of prolactin receptor gene behind infertile cases of Iraqi women patients
suffering from hyperprolactinemia. For this study 15 samples from infertile hyperprolactinemic women were
taken and genomic DNA was extracted, specific primers was designed to amplify specific portion of prolactin
receptor gene (Exon 1) using PCR technique . The PCR products of both healthy and hyperprolactinemic
infertile women were subjected for DNA sequencing by machine AB137 30KL, Applied Biosystem, Macrogene
company, USA. Polymorphic variants were identified , data obtained which is heterozygous SNP and SNPs was
found between individuals. The DNA sequencing results of receptor from patients was found to be compatible 
99% and score 481 with the wild type sequence of gene bank.  And the differences may be attributed to one 
transition mutation (G/A) at position 61 of exon 1. Its substitution mutation that leads to changes amino acid
from Arginen  to Lysin. 

This work was constructed to discuss a sensitive issue regarding infertility cases that was attributed to 
hyperprolactinemia. About 150 blood samples were collected from females suffering hyperprolactinemia and 50 from normal
subjects served as control for comparison. Test subjects were divided into three age groups: 20-30 years old, 31-40 years old
and 41-50 years old. Tests of fertility hormones luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulation hormone and prolactin were
performed for all subjects under study.  It was found that there is a significant P<0.05 difference in hormone concentration for
patients when compared to normal. LH and FSH recorded significant decrease while prolactin recorded a significant increase
when compared to normal. RNA isolation from serum was possible due to high expression of prolactin gene in patients since an
average concentration of 200 ng was obtained from serum. At molecular level analysis using three specific primers designed for
this study, showed that there is an aberration at expression level of RNA in some of hyperprolactinemia patients while prolactin
receptors were normal in patients studied. It was concluded that in all patients feedback inhibition mechanism that controls
prolactin level, was disrupted in addition some of patients studied were candidates for breast cancer as was reviewed from
family history and most of hyperprolactinemia cases for subjects studied were attributed to hyper expression of prolactin gene.
Protein analysis of blood from patients showed that a significant increase in albumin, this was regarded to increased level of
prolactin in blood and this protein functions as a carrier for hormones.

Early reading of the ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) are described to predict the one – hour results. Calculating the 60 – minutes ESR
by linear regression and extrapolation from 15, 30, and 45 minutes results using microprocessor for 500 samples was taken randomly to
ensure a wide range of results. The correlation increased as the time is nearer to 60 minutes. The mean r – value was 0.937 ± 0.006.
Regarding the ESR level of 30-90 mm group, results showed the highest agreement between the observed and calculated values and the least
was for ≤ 30 mm samples, mean r – value 0.590 ± 0.075. The augury of two hours ESR from the one hour reading, the highest ESR has the
lowest correlation, in contrary to the lowest reading group. Results obtained using micro ESR at time intervals of 5 minutes showed that the
best r – value was at 30 minutes with p – value ≤ 0.05, showed a good relationship between Westergren and micro ESR and the former
method can be substituted by micro ESR to limit and required blood for this test.
In conclusion: saving time in finding out the expected one hour ESR from 30 minutes or more reading is practically accepted. We
recommend to spot a cut point at 30 minutes sedimentation to indicate high ESR as well as the two hours ESR reading for high ESR diseases,
and the Westergren method can be substitution by Micro method to reduce time and blood required.  

In this study, 100 patients showing hypothyroidism symptoms (64 female and 36 male), and 100 patients with hyperthyroidism (32 female,
and 68 male) were selected to investigate the effect of thyroid dysfunction on fertility compared with 10 healthy people of both genders.
Subjects were divided according to age and gender. Fertility hormones (Testosterone, LH, FSH, Progesterone, and Prolactin) were measured
to find the correlation between thyroidal dysfunction and fertility problems. Our finding showed that in females with hypothyroidism,
testosterone, LH, Prolactin, and progesterone were significantly reduced when compared with normal values, while in females with
hyperthyroidism, testosterone, LH, progesterone and prolactin were significantly changed among other hormones. In men with
hypothyroidism, prolactin was significantly affected, while in men with hyperthyroidism LH showed a significant change when compared
with normal. Moreover, total seminal count in male patients with both types of throiditis was significantly reduced when compared with
normal. This may as a direct correlation between thyroid dysfunction and fertility in both genders. 
 

Crude extract of Anastatica hierochuntica L was analyzed for active compounds and tested for
its effect on the body of laboratory mice and their fertility. Data obtained showed that the extract
contained saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpens. Test period lasted for a year included 60
mice each time that were divided into 6 groups. Each group was administered orally with 100,
200, and 300 mg/kg of the plant extract, control group positive (vitamin C and E) and control
group negative (water and DMSO).  Results of histology examination showed no toxic effect on
liver and kidney of treated animal even with prolonged administration, while there is an elevated
level of testosterone hormone and an increase in sperm count with increased body mass index of
2%.

Bacillus subtilis an isolate of bacillus genus was obtained from the laboratories of Ministry of Science and Technology. The best efficient Bacillus subtilis isolate in cellulose and semi-cellulose hydrolysis was treated with Dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD)- Atmospheric cold plasma technique (non-thermal) using atmospheric air by exposing them at different times (2, 3, 4 and 5) min separately as a first stage and (60) seconds after any treatment separately as second stage (after 48 hour) in distance between the plasma source and the sample was fixed at 0.5 cm. The results showed a variation in the growth of the isolate according to the exposure time by the appearance of culture turbidity and the estimation of the optical density, where positive results appear between exposure times, the amount of optical density, and the cellulose and semi-cellulose decomposition into glucose. Bacillus subtilis increased its efficacy in cellulosic hydrolysis and semi-cellulosic materials, Bacillus subtilis showed malleability and ability to increase the efficiency in cellulose and semi-cellulose materials hydrolysis. We conduct a new and extensive study by using cold plasma technique to increases the hydrolysis efficacy of food microorganisms.Bacillus subtilis an isolate of bacillus genus was obtained from the laboratories of Ministry of Science and Technology. The best efficient Bacillus subtilis isolate in cellulose and semi-cellulose hydrolysis was treated with Dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD)- Atmospheric cold plasma technique (non-thermal) using atmospheric air by exposing them at different times (2, 3, 4 and 5) min separately as a first stage and (60) seconds after any treatment separately as second stage (after 48 hour) in distance between the plasma source and the sample was fixed at 0.5 cm. The results showed a variation in the growth of the isolate according to the exposure time by the appearance of culture turbidity and the estimation of the optical density, where positive results appear between exposure times, the amount of optical density, and the cellulose and semi-cellulose decomposition into glucose. Bacillus subtilis increased its efficacy in cellulosic hydrolysis and semi-cellulosic materials, Bacillus subtilis showed malleability and ability to increase the efficiency in cellulose and semi-cellulose materials hydrolysis. We conduct a new and extensive study by using cold plasma technique to increases the hydrolysis efficacy of food microorganisms.

Alpha – actin3 is gene for athletic performance and sport. Three types of genotypes were identified within
the gene: RR homozygous, RX heterozygous, and XX which lacks expression of these fibers. All three
genotypes were identified among participants. Distribution of these genotypes was significant them, and it is
noticeable that XX genotype was less in numbers than the other genotypes. BMI and BFP were in acceptable
limits in athletes, but it was found to increase in control group with age. Two males and one female exhibited
odd reading regarding muscle mass and testosterone level which was significantly higher than the others.
Genetic analysis of these athletes showed SNPs that altered ORFs reading site, and production of different
protein from the gene which affected muscle mass dramatically toward higher density, and triggered higher
testosterone level in the body as an exceled response to intensive training. The three of them were found to
be of XX genotype. Among athletic participants, physical fitness was high especially with young athletes.
Most sprinters were found to be RR and RX genotype, while endurance athletes were of XX genotype.
Significant SNPs at actin3 gene determined exceled athletes who were found to comprise less than 1%. 

Background: multiple factors can affect athletic performance
including nutrition, environmental, ‎physiological, physical fitness,
and genetic factors. Hormonal factors such as testosterone,
and ‎myostatin (MSTN) or GDF8 can be named to show significant
effect on muscle growth and ‎recovery after intensive training.
Illustrating the combined relationship between the latest
factors ‎may help in developing efficient program for athletic care
and exceled performance.‎
Methods: participation in this work came from 67 male divided
into two groups of 35 endurance ‎and sprinters and 32 power
athletes, with 36 females fall into two groups of 20 sprinters and
16 ‎power athletes. Testosterone and MSTN levels were measured
in both genders before, and after ‎intensive training program
followed by third measurement after 5 hours rest and recovery.
The ‎MSTN gene was analyzed for the presence of genetic
polymorphism using specific PCR ‎amplification.‎
Results: data obtained showed the presence of negative
relationship between testosterone and ‎MSTN, whereas genetic
analysis showed presence of three genotypes with different
frequencies ‎each one of them affected MSTN with different rate
ranging from normal production levels with ‎normal function to
lack of function found in power athletes showing speedup muscle
recovery and ‎higher muscle mass.‎
Conclusions: higher levels of testosterone reduced MSTN levels
significantly showing negative ‎correlation between them. Low
expression or production of nonfunctional MSTN protein
enhanced ‎muscle recovery, higher muscle mass, and improved

Background: multiple factors can affect athletic performance
including nutrition, environmental, ‎physiological, physical fitness,
and genetic factors. Hormonal factors such as testosterone,
and ‎myostatin (MSTN) or GDF8 can be named to show significant
effect on muscle growth and ‎recovery after intensive training.
Illustrating the combined relationship between the latest
factors ‎may help in developing efficient program for athletic care
and exceled performance.‎
Methods: participation in this work came from 67 male divided
into two groups of 35 endurance ‎and sprinters and 32 power
athletes, with 36 females fall into two groups of 20 sprinters and
16 ‎power athletes. Testosterone and MSTN levels were measured
in both genders before, and after ‎intensive training program
followed by third measurement after 5 hours rest and recovery.
The ‎MSTN gene was analyzed for the presence of genetic
polymorphism using specific PCR ‎amplification.‎
Results: data obtained showed the presence of negative
relationship between testosterone and ‎MSTN, whereas genetic
analysis showed presence of three genotypes with different
frequencies ‎each one of them affected MSTN with different rate
ranging from normal production levels with ‎normal function to
lack of function found in power athletes showing speedup muscle
recovery and ‎higher muscle mass.‎
Conclusions: higher levels of testosterone reduced MSTN levels
significantly showing negative ‎correlation between them. Low
expression or production of nonfunctional MSTN protein
enhanced ‎muscle recovery, higher muscle mass, and improved
athletic performance.‎