Bydureon™, the Exenatide extended-release formulation depot, has been approved in the USA for once weekly treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exenatide is a synthetic version of exendin-4 with biological properties similar to human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist. Evonink Industries at Birmingham - Alabama, USA developed the process based on available reported information to produce Exenatide loaded microparticles that demonstrate a similar in vivo release profile compared to the reference listed drug (RLD). The drug loading, initial burst and other characteristics of the exenatide loaded microparticles are in the range of RLD. Surface characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the Evonik produced microparticle visually matches with RLD. 

Zinc is the most widely studied element in term of fertility in both men and women; and zinc deficiency was reported to be associated with infertility. This prospective, randomized controlled study was conducted in the Infertility and IVF center, AL-Samarai Hospital Baghdad-Iraq, to evaluate the level of Cu/Zn ratio in the serum of women with unexplained infertility. Serum levels of copper and zinc were evaluated in twenty six women with unexplained infertility, and in twenty normal women served as control, using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. serum Zn levels were significantly lower compared to control group (6.63 mol/L ± 0.24 VS 9.0 mol/L ± 0.9, P= 0.01), serum Cu levels were significantly higher compared to controls (10.92 mol/L ± 0.4 VS 7.81 mol/L ± 0.38, P=0.01), Cu/Zn ratio was higher in infertile group (1.65 ± 0.014 VS 0.86 ± 0.011, P= 0.02).
From these results it was concluded that the increase in Cu/Zn ratio may have an important etiological role in the pathogenicity of unexplained infertility, and therapeutic intervention in this respect may be beneficial in the treatment of this condition.

ABSTRACT
Background: Cytotoxic therapy could be either single agent chemotherapy which has very limited application in up dated oncology field. This study was done on patients with different types of carcer, and those patients were treated with chemotherapy either single drug (methotrexate) or combination cytotoxic drugs including methotrexate.
Materials and methods: The aim of this study is to identify the changes which occur in oral flora after application of the drug by taking swab from oral cavity of each patient before treatment and 3, 6, and 9 days of single dose treatment with cytotoxic drug(s) and a comparison was done between the types of oral microorganisms occur before and after treatment.
Results and conclusion: Oral flora was affected greatly with cytotoxic drugs especially in case of combination therapy, with increased appearance of pathogenic microorganism, and also there was increased in fungal infection.
Key words: Cytotoxic drugs, cancer, oral flora

Background:

Clarithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic used in a wide range of bacterial infections as a single or combination therapy. Several generic formulations of clarithromycin are marketed in Iraq, but their bioavailability and hence therapeutic equivalence is not available. Therefore, demonstration of bioequivalence is warranted to determine the bioequivalence between medicinal products in Iraqi individuals.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to assess bioequivalence between a single dose from two products: Rithro Tablets (500 mg clarithromycin), produced by Avenzor, as a test product, in comparison with Klacid® Tablets (500 mg clarithromycin), produced by Abbott, as a reference product in healthy male Iraqi subjects under fasting conditions.

Methods:

This study was an open label, randomized, fasting, single dose, two-treatment, two-sequence, twoperiod, crossover, laboratory-blind study in 26 healthy subjects conducted under fasting conditions. Blood samples were collected over a 24-hour period after dosing and plasma samples were analyzed for clarithromycin by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The products were compared using pharmacokinetic parameters derived from the plasma concentration-time profile of clarithromycin: Tmax, T1/2, Kelimination (λ) z, first order elimination rate constant, Cmax, AUC0–t, & AUC0–∞. The average bioequivalence of the two products were concluded if the two-sided 90% confidence interval (CI) for the test to reference ratio of the population means is within 80.00–125.00% for each of intransformed data of Cmax, AUC0–t& AUC0–∞ …

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders and numerous medications are used to reduce the psychotic symptoms.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of two commonly used antidepressant drugs, including Fluoxetine (Flx) and Imipramine (IMP) to improve depressive-like behaviors as well as the activity of hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA).

Methods: Initially, 40 adult male albino rats weighing 25±5g were selected for this experimental study. The animals were kept or housed in separate cages under standard temperature (25±1°C) and light-dark conditions (12 hours light/dark cycle). Rats were divided into four groups: each group containing 10 rats, control, immobility stress, Flx receiver, and IMP receiver. Polyethylene restrainer was used to induce immobility stress for 14 days. Finally, the parameters of IMT, ST, serum levels of corticosterone and glucose were evaluated in all four mentioned groups.

Results: The results showed that the patient group's immobility time (IMT) increased compared to the control group, but the patient group's swimming time (ST) decreased compared to the control group. The effect of immobility stress on IMT, ST, corticosterone, and glucose factors in the patient group was increasing and decreasing, respectively, whereas the effect of Flx drug on these mentioned factors was decreasing, increasing and respectively, while the effect of IMP on all mentioned factors was decreasing and increasing, respectively.

Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that the antidepressant Flx and IMP drugs have various effects on the HPA activity, and the application of immobility stress causes depressive-behavior. Moreover, Flx is more effective than IMP in the treatment of depressive behaviors.

The methanolic extract of Conocarpus erectus was tested in vitro on cancerous cell lines AMJ, MCF7, Cal51, and MDMBA and normal mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell line as a comparison. Morphological study for exposed cells was done by examination under phase-contrast inverted microscope. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to assay the concentrations of each component the phenols or flavonoids in the Conocarpus erectus methanol extract. Cell proliferation was reduced with concentrations after exposure time 72 h on AMJ and MDAMB cell line. Of contact there was fluctuation in the cell response to different concentrations of the extract on MCF7 and Cal51 cell line, compared with no effect on normal cell line (MEF). In conclusion, Conocarpus erectus has anticancer activity and may be considered a new source to use it in breast cancer therapy for future researches

The most commonly prescribed medication for autoimmune disorders is Azathioprine (AZA), which negatively affects renal function and tissue structure. The aim of this work was to measure the therapeutic impact of Zingiber officinale L. extract (ZOE) on improving the function and structure of AZA-induced renal damaged tissue.

Methods: 70 rats with a weight range of 200±10 g and an age of 95±5 days were chosen for this experimental study. The animals were grouped into seven groups of ten, with two groups receiving no treatment (control groups) and five groups receiving ZOE, AZA, “AZA + ZOE”, and normal saline. AZA was given intraperitoneally, and ZOE was given by gavage (i.e., nasogastric tube) for 21 days. Finally, urea, uric acid, creatinine parameters, and the diameter of some key or important parts of the kidney were measured in different animal groups.

Results: it was found that the use of AZA (50 mg/kg) increased serum urea and creatinine concentrations, blood uric acid in comparison to the group of control (P<0.05). Whereas injecting ZOE (200 mg/kg) induces a considerable decrease in the concentration of the compounds mentioned above as compared to control animals and animals given AZA (P<0.05). Furthermore, the findings revealed that AZA caused inflammation and kidney tissue destruction, while ZOE improved, restored, and recovered the affected kidney tissue.

Conclusion: according to the research findings, it can be decided that ZOE has a protective and therapeutic impact on kidney tissue owing to its strong antioxidant attributes and its ability to inhibit free radicals produced by azathioprine

The utilization of electrospinning method in drug delivery has been increasingly popular in recent years, with the ability to incorporate drugs and enhance dissolution; this technique is used to improve the dissolution of poorly watersoluble 6mercaptopurine and. 6-mercaptopurine and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) solutions were spun using simple electrospinning technique. Loading efficiency and electrospinning yield were affected by polymer concentration during the optimization process, as well as nanofiber diameter. The concentration of polymer also affected both the number of beads formed and the amount of drug released. polymer (PVP) negatively affected the electros pun yield, but the loading efficiency and in vitro dissolution rate were largely controlled by the PVP content in the optimization formulas. In addition to reducing the diameter of the fibers, the increased polymer concentrations had a positive impact on reducing the number of beads. The physicochemical characterization of the prepared formulas indicate that the drug was found as a molecular dispersion within the polymer matrix or as an amorphous state. In vitro dissolution studies indicates about 68 ± 4.16 release in less than 2 minutes in HCL solution medium compared to a negligibledissolution of physical mixture and free drug. From the derived results, the electro spun 6- mercaptopurineloaded nanofibers pave the way for enhance the dissolution for insoluble low bioavailability class II drugs.

Keywords

Drug, Delivery, Fast, Oral

The results of the HPLC analysis indicated that marigold flowers extract contain nine different active compounds, including Vitexin 11.40%, Rutin 12.29%, Quercetin-3-3galactosid 12.64%, Luteolin-7-glucose9. 27%, Quercetin-3-glucoside 7.38%, Quercitrin 9.83%, Myricetin 10%, Luteolin 10.72%, Apigenin 7.08% and kampferol 9.37%. The results of a clinical study showed the effect of marigold flowers extract cream as an antioxidant which protected the skin in particular from oxidative damage after sunburn and reduced the symptoms of skin aging. This effect was evident in both concentrations 10% and 15% when compared with control. Control response rate, 10% of marigold flowers cream and 15% of flowers extract cream were reached to 76%, 85% and 92% within two weeks of treatment respectively. The Conclusion of this study showed the importance of marigold flowers extract as a source of bioactive …

Plantago lanceolata L. is used in Iraqi folklore medicine to treat injuries, and its extract is prescribed by some herbalists for cancer patients. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of P. lanceolata leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines in vitro and to identify its active compounds. Crystal violet viability assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of methanolic P. lanceolata leaf extract against various breast cancer cell lines. MCF7, AMJ13, MDAMB, and CAL51 human breast cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of the extract for 72 h. The morphology of the treated cells was examined under a phase-contrast inverted microscope. The clonogenic ability was assessed through a clonogenic assay. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed to measure the concentrations of phenols and flavonoids in the extract. The methanolic P. lanceolata leaf extract significantly inhibited the proliferation of triple-negative CAL51 cells but showed minor effect on the other breast cancer cells. In addition, at high doses, it induced cytopathic morphological changes. The clonogenic assay showed low colony formation in the exposed cells, especially CAL51 cells. Furthermore, HPLC study revealed that the methanolic extract contained important flavonoid glycosides, especially rutin, myricetin quercetin, and kaempferol. P. lanceolata leaf extract selectively inhibited the proliferation of CAL51 triple-negative breast cancer cells and showed minor effect on the other breast cancer cells types studied. Thus, this study showed P. lanceolata as a possible natural source of selective anti-triple-negative breast cancer drugs.