Application of Sustainable analytical chemistry concepts has become crucial in order to
remove the environmentally harmful impacts originating from the routine use of analytical techniques.
Here, a new LC method is developed and its parameters are analyzed, depending on a mixed micellar
mobile phase. This was primarily aimed at getting rid of the use of organic solvents in conventional
routine analyses. Combinations of tazobactam (TZB) with piperacillin (PPC) or cefepime (CFM)
are commonly used as effective antimicrobial therapies, especially for resistant strains. Therefore,
the three drugs were separated and quantified using an organic solvent-free mobile phase. The
mixed micellar mobile phase was comprised of 15 mM Brij-35 with 38 mM SDS, adjusted to pH 3.5.
Separation was performed by HPLC on monolithic RP-C18 column Chromolith®Performance RP-18e
(100 mm  4.6 mm) at a rate of 1 mL per minute of flow in conjunction with a measurement
wavelength 210 nm. The method was found valid and applicable in accordance of precision, and
accuracy within ranges of 5–100 g mL

Various antidiabetic combinations have recently been used to improve the management of type II diabetes
mellitus. The first time a totally green mixed micellar LC method was used to analyze the biguanide metformin
(MET) in a mixture with two sulfonylurea antidiabetics, glipizide (GPZ) and glimepiride (GLM), as well as
pioglitazone (PGZ) as a thiazolidinedione derivative antidiabetic and repaglinide (RPG) as an insulin secretagogue
antidiabetic. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the method by using central
composite design (CCD). The design space that represents the robustness zone was identified. Analytes were
separated by elution of an aqueous mobile phase containing Brij-35 (12.05 mM) and SDS (76.25 mM) at pH 3.72
on a Symmetry C18 column (75*4.6 mm, 3.5 m) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV detection at 225 nm and 210
nm, respectively, for MET and the other analytes. The laboratory mixtures and pharmaceutical products of the
examined drugs were successfully determined using the established method. Using the Green Analytical Procedure
Index (GAPI) and Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE) principles, the greenness of the created method
was analyzed and compared to previously reported methods. In comparison to previous methods, the new
method was shown to be more efficient and effective.

the azadirachta indica show an important role in disease prevention and treatment through enhancement of anioxidant activity , inhibition of bacterial growth and modulation of genetic pathway 

hand-foot syndrome reported in 56% of patients treated with chemotherapy 

Attenuating the function of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) is an objective for the investigation and treatment of several diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Bisubstrate inhibitors that simultaneously target binding sites for arginine substrate and the cofactor (S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)) have potential utility, but structural information on their binding is required for their development. Evaluation of bisubstrate inhibitors featuring an isosteric guanidine replacement with two prominent enzymes PRMT1 and CARM1 (PRMT4) by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), activity assays and crystallography are reported. Key findings are that 2-aminopyridine is a viable replacement for guanidine, providing an inhibitor that binds more strongly to CARM1 than PRMT1. Moreover, a residue around the active site that differs between CARM1 (Asn-265) and PRMT1 (Tyr-160) is identified that affects the side chain conformation of the catalytically important neighbouring glutamate in the crystal structures. Mutagenesis data supports its contribution to the difference in binding observed for this inhibitor. Structures of CARM1 in complex with a range of seven inhibitors reveal the binding modes and show that inhibitors with an amino acid terminus adopt a single conformation whereas the electron density for equivalent amine-bearing inhibitors is consistent with preferential binding in two conformations. These findings inform the molecular basis of CARM1 ligand binding and identify differences between CARM1 and PRMT1 that can inform drug discovery efforts.

Dyslipidemia is a pathological condition in which lipids profile and blood proteins are in abnormal proportions and is associated with many diseases and has major complications such as cardiovascular diseases that are linked to high HDL and risk factors increase, especially in young people, and there may be a link between chronic diseases and high fat percentage , 1482blood samples were collected for children aged between (2-17) years for both sexes and separated by centrifuge device to measure the percentage of total body fat. The measurements for the fat of Iraqi male children showed (>25%) of elevated TC, and (>27%) in female population, also over 45% of the male and 30% of female population have had an elevated TG, While all male population had a low HDL only (61%) of the female population were in the high risk category. All these percentage indicates a high lipid profile among pediatrics which in turn makes huge health problems in the general health of future young especially cardiovascular diseases. Finally a routine lipid profile work should be done since the age of 9 or less according to the individual health and nutrition and that is what the National Cholesterol Education Program has recommended.

ABSTRACT

Background: Tetrahydroxy bile acids present at negligible or undetectable levels in healthy human adults but present at elevated levels in urine of infants with cholestasis clinically are the most valued marker of cholestasis next to serum tests. Methods: Twenty subjects with cholestasis, age range between seven days and one year, the study measured urinary tetrahydroxy bile acids for all cases. Results: Study found the presence of urinary tetrahydroxy bile acids in new-borns and infants with infantile cholestasis. New-borns and infants with a good prognosis had higher tetrahydroxy bile acids levels than those with a poor prognosis according to their outcomes. Conclusion: The study found the incidence of urinary tetrahydroxy bile acids in new-borns and infants with infantile intra-hepatic and extra-hepatic cholestasis. Extra-hepatic cholestatic patients had higher tetrahydroxy bile acids urine level than intra-hepatic, Cytomegalovirus and idiopathic neonatal hepatitis patients had a lesser tetrahydroxy bile acids level than in patients with genetic cholestasis. Tetrahydroxy bile acids play a role in clinical managing and treatment, in addition to their possible defensive properties against hepatic injury.

ABSTRACT
Background: Cholestasis, also known as prolonged jaundice, is characterized by 
a reduction in bile flow. Vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble vitamin whose absorption 
is affected by bile acids passing through the bile ducts. The primary objective 
was to determine the clinical utility of serum vitamin D3 in infants and 
children with cholestasis. Materials and Methods: Using an enzyme-linked 
immunosorbent assay, vitamin D3 levels in the blood serum of sixty patients 
with cholestasis, twenty patients with non-cholestatic causes, and twenty-five 
healthy subjects ranging in age from one day to fourteen years were 
determined. Results: Comparing intra- and extra-hepatic cholestasis groups to 
the control group, intra- and extra-hepatic cholestasis groups showed a highly 
significant decrease in serum vitamin D3 (P<0.001), while there was no 
significant difference between the control and non-cholestatic jaundiced 
groups (P= 0.069), and there was no significant difference between the old and 
newly diagnosed intra-hepatic cholestatic groups (p = 0.627). Conclusion: The 
amount of vitamin D3 in the serum of those with extra-hepatic cholestasis is 
lower than those with intra-hepatic cholestasis, indicating a poor prognosis for 
cholestasis illness

Abstract
One of the most important parameters to evaluate severity and type of cholestasis disease is gamma-glutamyl 
transferase and citrin protein measurements. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical value of 
serum citrin protein with gamma-glutamyl transferase in children with cholestasis.60 subjects with diseases 
and 25 healthy subjects distributed into three groups, citrin and gamma-glutamyl transferase were measured 
for all case and control studies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay. The results showed serum citrin 
has a highly significantly decreased in an intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis groups when compared with 
control (P<0.001), serum gamma-glutamyl transferase has a highly significantly elevated in an intrahepatic 
cholestasis group when compared with control (P<0.003). From these findings it was concluded that serum 
gamma-glutamyl transferase level is a good marker in determining the severity of cholestasis disease, serum 
citrin may be useful in future to diagnose the cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency.

The aim of present investigation deals with the development of time-dependent and pH sensitive press-coated tablets for colonspecific
drug delivery of Fluticasone propionate (FP). Fp is glucocorticoid exerts a potent anti-inflammatory action when
administered topically. The drug has been evaluated for the treatment of irritable bowel diseases (IBD) conditions such as Crohn’s
disease and ulcerative colitis. To overcome of poorly water soluble drug formulated as solid dispersion with different hydrophilic
carriers. The Solid dispersions (SDs) of FP with Pluronic® F-127 and PEG 6000 were prepared in three different ratios of 1:5, 1:10, and
1:15 by the solvent evaporation method and evaluated to deliver FP to the colon in a pre-solubilized form. The selected formula of
SDs was compressed into core tablets using drug compatible excipients and then press-coated tablet with the polymer mixture of
HPMC K15 (time dependent) and Eudragit® L100 (pH-responsive polymer). Differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron
microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved drug amorphization in SDS. The 1:15
FP/Pluronic® SDs showed the greatest improvement in solubility and dissolution. The best result of press coated tablet was given at
HPMC k15 to Eudragit L100 at polymer ratio 5:5 with coat weight 350 mg. This formula resisted pre-colonic pH values and showed
an adequate lag time for the intended colonic targeting (5 hrs), followed by release phase in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. The
proposed coated tablets may provide a colonic delivery system for FP with improved dissolution for local action

Objective: The aim: This study aimed to develop mouth-dissolving tablets of Acrivastine, an antihistamine medication, in order to increase its oral bioavailability.
Patients and methods: Materials and methods: Different super disintegrants, such as crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate, were used to make Acrivastine oral dispersible tablets (ODTs). These super disintegrants were utilized in various concentrations. The formulation (F3) with 6% w/w crospovidone had a fast disintegration time (less than 30 seconds) and practically total drug release within 10 minutes. All of the formulations were made using the direct compression method and proper diluents, binders, and lubricants. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests were used to investigate the drug-ex¬cipient interaction, and all formulations demonstrated improved drug-excipient compatibility.

Aims Nigella sativa is recognized as a black seed. It is a grassy plant relating to the
Ranunculaceae family. There are various reports regarding this plant’s pharmacological
and biological action, like antihypertensive effects, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidants,
antifungal, pain alleviating, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and immune-modulatory effects.
This study aimed to compare the anti-microbial activity of aqueous and oil extract of Nigella
sativa against selected gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Materials & Methods Nigella sativa aqueous and oil extracts were gathered via a retail
food shop (Al-Hilla) 2018. Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneumonia;
Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (Salmonella typhi; Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas
aeroginosa) isolates (obtained via clinical specimens) were utilized.
Findings Nigella sativa aqueous and oil extracts showed a maximum inhibition zone against
E. coli and minimum inhibition against S. pyogenes.
Conclusion Nigella sativa acts against gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacterial
isolates.

Objective: Metastatic spread of tumor cells to distant organs is the leading cause of mortality from cancer. Although metastatic tumor spread can occur via a different mechanism. lymphangiogenic factors recognized were vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–C and –D, which bind to a tyrosine kinase
receptor, VEGF receptor (R)–3. Binding affinities to VEGFR-2 receptor increase on the lymphatic and blood endothelium therefore enables both growth factors to also exert lymphangiogenic and angiogenic effects and increased incidence of lymph node metastasis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the VEGF-C protein expression in cervical cancer cells and lymph vessels and found the relationship of this marker with lymphangiogensis of Iraqi cervical cancer samples.
Method: In this study, expression of VEGF-C was noticed in 55 cervical samples by Immuno-
histochemistry. 35 cases diagnosed as invasive cervical cancer in addition to 20 normal samples consider as control. Immunohistochemistry was performed and the cytoplasm level of VEGF-C was scored by the percentage of positive cells and intensity.
Results:
The present data evaluated the prognostic significance of VEGF-C to cervical cancer, cytoplasm staining was seen in 29 cases (82.9 %) in cervical cancer tissues. Only 4 out of 35 cases (11.4 %) displayed cytoplasmic and nuclear tissue. There is significant difference of VEGF-C staining in lymphatic vessels and cancer cells (χ2= 5.04, p = 0.023*) regarding to positive expression (20/ 57.1%), (25/ 71.4 %) respectively and negative VEGF-C staining 15 (42.9%), 10 (28.6 %) respectively. High positive percentage of VEGF-C expression in cytoplasm of malignant cases in score 2& 3 (25.7%, 45.7 %, P-value= 0.0392 *, 0.029* respectively) as compared to normal cases (15%, 30% respectively). Demographic criteria of patients revealed association with VEGF-C expression patterns. Differentiation Well + moderately and histologic type Squamous carcinoma showed significantly associated with VEGF-C (P=0.0071** & 0.0071** respectively). Positive VEGF-C staining in cancer cells had more lymphatic vessel (17/68 %) as compared to negative cases (3/30 %) with Chi-Square 8.263, p value= 0.0061**. Also, positive VEGF-C staining had more lymph node associated (9/36%) compared to negative cases (1/10 %) with Chi-Square 13.503, p value= 0.0001**.

Objective: to identify the expression of DNA repair protein apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) in samples of Iraqi cervical cancer patients. Method: expression of APE1 was detected in 55 cervical tissue samples by immunohistochemistry, divided into two groups; 35 cases detected as invasive cervical cancer and 20 cases considered as control. Immunohistochemistry was achieved and the nuclear and cytoplasm-nuclear level of APE1 was counted by taking into account the ratio of positive cells and intensity. Results: Present data evaluated the prognostic and alterations in APE1 expression levels according to cervical cancer, nuclear stain was seen in the epithelia of 35 cases (100 %) of cervical tumor tissues. Only 29 out of 35 cases (82.85 %) shown cytoplasmic and nuclear staining with significant difference (P value = 0.00027) between malignant and normal cervical tissue. APE1 high-level expression was (77.1%) and low expression was (22.8 %) in cervical cancer tissues. Age, differentiation and histologic type showed highly significant difference (P= 0.0062, 0.0001 and 0.0001 respectively) between the high and low expression of nuclear APEX1 expression. While lymph vascular invasion (positive vs negative group) showed a significant difference (Chi-Square 4.362, P value = 0.0422*) between the high (16/59.2%) and low (4/50%) nuclear expression of APEX1, while lymph node (positive vs negative group) showed no significant association (P-value= 0.1476) between the high and low expression of nuclear APEX1. Conclusion: The highly positive expression of APE1 results will help Iraqi patients in their early investigation and diagnosis of cervical cancer as good marker for the metastases of their tumor and help researchers to study the lymphangiogensis status of tumor.

This paper aims to find out if FOXP-3 was expressed in samples from Iraqi
cervical cancer patients. Expression of FOXP-3 was detected in 55 cervical tissue
samples by immunohistochemistry. Since thirty-five cases of aggressive cervical
cancer were included, along with 20 normal samples used as controls. The nucleus
and cytoplasm levels of FOXP-3 were counted, considering the ratio of positive
cells and intensity. FOXP3 cytoplasmic staining was found in 27 out of 35 cases.
Only 11 out of 35 samples displayed nuclear lymphocyte staining. Furthermore, four
samples expressed this marker in both the nuclear and cytoplasm of the cervical
cells. There is a highly significant difference in FOXP3 expression in the cytoplasm
of malignant cells and lymphocytes compared to normal samples. Seven samples out
of 11 cells correlated with lymph vascular invasion. These results show that tissue
positive FOXP-3 possesses a possible diagnostic marker for Iraqi cervical cancer.
FOXP3 is significantly expressed in cancer cells, and lymphocyte infiltrates [T-reg]
compared to normal.

Abstract: Skin serves as a barrier against local and systemic effects and is one of the largest organs. The outermost layer of the skin, the Stratum Corneum (SC), is impermeable to hydrophilic and high molecular weight drugs. Drugs can infiltrate deeper layers of the skin's blood circulation through ethosomes without requiring surgical intervention. As new vesicular carriers for the transfer of active compounds to/through the skin, "smooth vesicles" known as ethosomes function. Most of them are made up of phospholipids, water, and ethanol (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid). Ethosomes can serve as a capsule for the release and transportation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic medications via the skin because of their amphiphilic properties. Comparing other vesicles that serve as drug delivery systems, ethanol is present in ethanolosomes at a rate of 45 percent, which is the greatest concentration. Ethosomes are liposomes that are heavily ethanolcontained. Tens of nanometers to microns are the sizes of ethosomes. By piercing the dermal layers of the skin, they can transfer drugs to the deep skin or systemic circulation.

Abstract Topical administration of drugs is delivering medications locally to the eye, skin, rectum and vagina. This route of drug application has many advantages including bypassing the extensive hepatic metabolism, avoiding the invasive parenteral (injection) and others. Emulgel is a semisolid preparation which has advantages of having a high ability to skin penetration than other semisolid formulations, being greaseless, thixotropic, easily spreadable and removable, water soluble, non-staining, emollient and longer half-life. There are many ingredients and constituents of emulgel such as oils, emulsifying agents and gelling agents. Emulgel is prepared as either o/w or w/o type. Many evaluations had been performed to check the properties of emulgel such as organoleptic properties, spreadability, pH, viscosity, rheological study, swelling index, Ex-vivo bioadhesive strength measurement of topical emulgel and others

Abstract Letrozole (LZL) is a non-steroidal competitive aromatase enzyme system inhibitor. The aim of this study is to improve the permeation of LZL through the skin by preparing as nanoemulsion using various numbers of oils, surfactants and co-surfactant with deionized water. Based on solubility studies, mixtures of oleic acid oil and tween 80/ transcutol p as surfactant/co-surfactant (Smix) in different percentages were used to prepare nanoemulsions (NS). Therefore, 9 formulae of (o/w) LZL NS were formulated, then pseudo-ternary phase diagram was used as a useful tool to evaluate the NS domain at Smix ratios: 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1. All the prepared formulae were characterized for thermodynamic stability studies, zeta potential, droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), % transmittance estimation, pH, % drug content, electro-conductivity and in vitro drug release. NS-7 (compose of 5% oleic acid, 45% Smix of 1:9 ratio and 50% water) was chosen as an optimum prepared formula for many reasons. Initially, it has a lower PDI (0.054), optimum droplet size (75.9 nm), highest transmittance percent (99.89±0.015%), high drug content (99.88%±0.03%), acceptable pH (5.96±0.025), highest electro-conductivity (230±1 μS/cm) and optimum drug release% (99.58±1.92) after 75 min in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) compared to other NS formulations.One can conclude that preparation of LZL NS is an effective method for improving the permeation of LZL throught the skin. Keywords: Letrozole, Nanoemulaion, Permeation and in vitro release

steoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease that doubled in prevalence since the mid of 20th century most commonly due to obesity and aging. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body. The pathogenesis of OA is multifactorial influenced by range of biochemical and mechanical factors.

 Oxidative stress is described to play an important role in many diseases including OA. Accumulating evidences suggested the beneficial effect of anti-oxidants for reducing OA severity. Curcumin is a well-known antioxidant agent that acts by different mechanisms in modulating oxidative stress status. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of curcumin as adjuvent therapy to a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, meloxicam, in the management of knee osteoarthritis. This prospective open-labelled randomized controlled study was carried out on forty-two eligible patients who were allocated in two groups, serum superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured at baseline and after 3 months of the study. Pain and physical function assessment were evaluated by oxford knee score (OKS). Results illustrated highly significant improvement in pain and physical function scores when curcumin used as adjuvant to meloxicam, also curcumin supplementation resulted in significant increase in SOD3 serum level and only a modest decrease in GR serum level when compared to meloxicam alone. In conclusion, this study demonstrated benefit of curcumin when used in combination with meloxicam over using meloxicam alone in modulating antioxidant parameters in blood, in addition to significantly improving pain and physical function after 3 months of treatment.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent chronic degenerative arthritis diseases and a major cause of pain and physical disability among elderly patients. It can affect any joint in the body but most commonly, hip and knee joints. The etiology of the disease is multifactorial, OA affected by a range of mechanical and biochemical factors. Various studies provided compelling evidence that low-grade inflammation and synovitis are playing a pivotal role in its pathogenesis along with oxidative stress. Unfortunately, there is no cure for the disease; thus, most current treatments are prescribed for alleviating symptoms only. Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound, has been used for centuries in ayurvedic medicine that gained an increasing surge of interest to explore its potential properties. Many in vitro and in vivo studies reported powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity for treating various pathological conditions, including OA, curcumin has shown chondroprotective potential on osteoarthritis disease. Aim of the Study: This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin as an additive therapy to a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, meloxicam, in the management of knee osteoarthritis. Patients and Method: This prospective open-labeled randomized controlled trial was conducted among patients with mild to moderate knee OA. Sixty-two patients were enrolled in this study; only 42 patients completed the study. Patients were assigned randomly into two groups; group (A) 21 patients treated with meloxicam alone (15 mg/day), group (B) 21 patients treated with a combination of meloxicam (15 mg/day), and curcumin (1600 mg/day) for 12 weeks. Inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) serum levels were evaluated at the time of enrolment and after 12 weeks of treatment. Results: Results gained from this study showed that treatment of knee OA patients with a combination of meloxicam and curcumin has a better effect on overall pain and physical function in addition to a remarkable decrease in serum pro-inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) level (-39%, -24%, -30%) respectively after 12 weeks of treatment in respect to baseline levels. However, this reduction was significant only for IL-6. While those patients treated with meloxicam alone demonstrated no significant reduction. Conclusion: Curcumin represents a safe and effective anti-inflammatory product that exhibits a synergistic effect when used in combination with meloxicam, resulting in pain and physical activity improvement, which its anti-inflammatory effect may reflect

 Pelargonium graveolens (P. graveolens), commonly known as rose geranium it is native to the southern parts of Africa (1) . Phytochemical studies show that this plant is rich in flavonoids, terpenoids, volatile oil, tannins, and glycosides. It has an important pharmacological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, and antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. This is a novel study of Pelargonium graveolens cultivated in Iraq. In this study, the preliminary tests indicate the presence of active constituents in the leaves including terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannin. This study also involved studying the antibacterial activity of Pelargonium graveolens hexane and ethanol leaves extracts and was performed on gram negative bacteria species (Escherichia coli) and one gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). The antibacterial study was performed by ager well diffusion method. The ethanol extract shows good results against examined bacteria while hexane extract shows no antibacterial activity against examined bacteria. 

Abstract

The anti-diabetic drug liraglutide was loaded within LDH nanoparticles using the Fe+3, Al+3, Fe+2and Ni+2 ions, the preparation of LDH was carried out via the titration of 2M of NaOH with trivalent and divalent ions in presence 0.5M HCl, the prepared compounds of liraglutide with LDH were tasted with selective groups of rats.

The compounds were characterized with Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Zeta potential and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The animals that injected with weekly dose of the prepared compounds shows the weight reduction comparative with that of the animals injected daily dose of pure liraglutide. 

Keyword; Liraglutide, double layered hydroxide, nanoparticles, antidiabetic drug.

Synthesis and Characterization

Abstract

    The liraglutide, antidiabetic drug, was loaded with layered double hydroxide nanoparticles for selective ions such as Fe+3, Fe+2, Ni+2 and Al+3, the LDH were prepared through the titration method by adding 2M of NaOH to the mixture of trivalent, divalent ions and 0.5M HCl, the drug liraglutide was added to prepared layered. The compounds were characterized by SEM, AFM, FT-IR, XRD and Zeta potential technique.

Key words: liraglutide, LDH, nanoparticales

ABSTRACT
Pelargonium graveolens (P. graveolens), commonly known as rose geranium it is native to the southern parts of Africa.
Phytochemical studies show that this plant is rich in flavonoids, terpenoids, volatile oil, tannins, and glycosides. It has important pharmacological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, and antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. This is a novel study of Pelargonium graveolens cultivated in Iraq. In this study, the preliminary tests indicate the presence of active constituents in the leaves including terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannin. This study also involved studying the antibacterial activity of Pelargonium graveolens hexane and ethanol leaves extracts and was performed on gram negative bacteria species (Escherichia coli) and one gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). The antibacterial study was performed by ager well diffusion method. The ethanol extract shows good results against examined bacteria while hexane extract shows no antibacterial activity against examined bacteria.
Keywords: Pelargonium graveolens, rose geranium, antibacterial activity, agar well diffusion method.

Coronavirus (COVID-19), is an infectious disease recognized in late December, 2019, in Wuhan city of China, was established as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Most countries have declared some lockdown to diminish the effects of COVID-19 and terminate the transmission of novel coronavirus. Novel study shows that long-term exposure to air pollution could contribute to higher numbers of COVID-19 fatalities. According to the World Health Organization, 4.6 million individuals die annually from diseases and illnesses directly related to poor air quality. Meteorological conditions may also have a significant role in air pollution–virus interactions. Previous studies have suggested that ambient air pollutants are risk factors for respiratory infection by carrying microorganisms to make pathogens more invasive to humans and affecting the body's immunity to make people more susceptible to pathogens.

New series of sulfamethoxazole containing -4-thiazolidinone ring (compounds IV(a-f)) have been synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria & gram negative bacteria. These compounds expected to have higher antibacterial activity than sulfamethoxazole, due to the presence of 4-thiazolidinone pharmacophore.
The purity of the synthesized compounds was detected by determination of physical properties (melting points &Rf values). The chemical structure of the intermediate and final compounds was characterized and confirmed by measuring FT-IR spectroscopy, elemental microanalysis (CHNS) and 1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy.
The preliminary study of antimicrobial activity of the final compounds were evaluated by well diffusion method. All tested compounds exert significant antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria especially Escherichia coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyougenes, which compared to DMSO as control, and sulfamethoxazole as standard.
In comparison of the antibacterial activity results among the tested compounds, the results showed that compound (IVf) may regard the best one and compound (IVc) the lower one. These results encourage further evaluation of these compounds for different antimicrobial activities.

To develop novel anti-inflammatory scaffolds, a new series of 4, 5-dihydro-1H- pyrazole-1-yl acetate derivatives synthesized through different chemical reactions and validated employing spectral and elemental data. To examine the interactions of these derivatives, which are thought to have anti-inflammatory effects, with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, docking studies were carried out on this enzyme. COX-2 enzyme (3LN1) was selected from the protein data bank for docking studies. The molecular docking study was applied by using Glide docking tool under Schrodinger (Maestro 11.1) software (Schrodinger, 2017). As a result of the docking process on COX-2 enzymes, the 4, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole ring was found to be important in its interactions with the COX-2 enzyme. The inclusion of a bulky group in the construct may eliminate some interactions with the COX-2 enzyme. To better elucidate the inhibition properties of enzymes, this study should be supported by in vitro and in vivo COX inhibition tests.

A series of nine novel 4, 5-dihydro-1H- pyrazole-1-yl acetate derivatives (IVa-i) by Shahlaa et al. was investigated in vitro for their antiproliferative activity against two cancer cell lines, breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and lung cancer cell lines (A549), According to the cytotoxicity effect of these compounds, IVa, IVc and IVi compounds have antiproliferative effect with percentage (81.30%, 87.4% & 54.66%) respectively at 72h treatment on MCF-7 cell line compared to other compounds, these results indicate that the new compound IVc have the higher antiproliferative percent comparable to tamoxifen as a standard anti-tumour for oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell line after 72h followed by IVa after 72h (83.31%). cytotoxicity effect of compound IVb was highest among tested compounds on lung cancer cell line (A549) with antiproliferative percentage (58.49% & 75.04%) at 48 & 72h respectively, but it is less than erlotinib as a standard anti-tumour for lung cancer cell line cytotoxicity effect (77.10% & 82.46%) at these times. three compounds (IVa, IVc & IVi) have antiproliferative effect on breast cancerous cell line (MCF-7) and compound (IVc) have inhibition percentage comparable to that of the authorized medication Tamoxifen. One compound (IVb) had antiproliferative activity, but less than that of erlotinib on lung cancerous cell line (A549) and there is good agreement between our docking results and the experimental results.

Objective: Solid super-saturable self-emulsifying drug delivery systemof risperidone was formulated utilizing maline; a type of a deep eutectic choline based ionic liquid (DEIL), as oil phase in order to enhance the drug's solubility, dissolution, and intestinal penetration, and therefore its bioavailability.Method: Malinewas prepared using 1:1 molar ratio choline chloride and malonic acid. The SEDDs was formulated using maline as oil phase, tween80 or tween 20 as surfactant, and PEG600 or PG as co-surfactant in comparsion to conventional one using oleic acid as oil phase.Soluplus was utilized as drug precipitation inhibitor. For SEDDs solidification Aerosil 200 adsorbant was used as a carrier.Results: The mean droplet size of the optimized formulation 210.3 nm with polydispersity of 0.357, zeta potential -3.47, drug content 100.21±0.47%. The optimum solid supersaturable SEDDs formula (SSM) showed excellent flow properties with Carr’s Index of 8.77%, Hausner ratio of 1.09, and angle of repose at 38.72○. The FTIR, DSC and XRD results showed a good drug excipient compatability.Ex vivo permeation test on isolated sheap intestine revealed an inhancement in the risperidone amount permeated from the optimum formulation comparable to that of the pure drug and marketed tablet and even the conventional solid S-SEDDs formula.Conclusion: The developed Maline based solid super-saturable self-emulsifying drug delivery system of risperidone can be considered as an innovative, economically feasible alternative to existing risperidone formulations and a promising method for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poor soluble drugs

Drug formulation as solid dispersion (SD) represents a good method for the enhancement in solubility of poorly water soluble drugs, as well as for the reduction of ulcergenicity of non-sterodial anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). The poorly water soluble Meloxicam (MLX) was used as model drug to prepare solid dispersion. Solid dispersion of MLX was prepared by melting method, using Poloxamer 188 as hydrophilic carrier. A 32 factorial design was used to study the influence of individual and combined effects of 2 factors (drug:polymer ratio and cooling temperature) on the responses. Using the polynomial equation describing the effect estimates on the dependent variables and the surface response methodology, an optimal formulation was developed. A drug:polymer ratio of 1:4.69 and a cooling temperature of 5˚C were found to be the optimum values for the independent variables. The optimized solid dispersion was further characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, whereas the dissolution behavior was studied in 900 ml of 0.25% w/v sodium lauryl sulphate solution by means of USP Apparatus 2 (50 rpm). The results confirmed obtaining of a solid dispersion of low crystallinity with a complete in vitro release of the active substance within 60 minutes. 

Objectives: This study includes preparation, evaluation and in-vitro release profiles of erythropioten (EPO) microcapsules using poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymer as coating material. Sustained release dosage form was grown up especially in the treatments of chronic disease to improve the drug efficacy, reduce side effects and improve patient compliance. EPO is a protein produced by the kidney to respond to a different type of anemia. Methods: Microcapsules of EPO with prolonged-release profile were prepared by double emulsion method (wow) using probe sonicator to get a homogenous double emulsion. PLGA was used as wall material. Results: Eleven formulas of EPO-PLGA microcapsules were prepared to study the effect of different variables on the entrapment efficiency (EE) and %yield including the addition of plasticizer, NaCl, PLGA concentration and mixing type’s effect. The selected formula containing 95000 IU of EPO gave (89%) EE and (85%) %yield with particle size 293.5 nm, zeta potential -41.33 with prolonged-release profile (99.7% within 6 months). Such formula is suggested to be incorporated in a suitable implantable dosage form to treat anemia associated with renal disorder. Conclusion: EPO was successfully microcapsulated using PLGA polymer as a coat material by double emulsion method with good EE, %yield, particle size, and prolonged release profile continued up to 6 months.

Aim of study is to investigate the possible effect of Bosentan as anti-hyperlipidemic agent in mice. The. Thirty-two male albino mice were fed a high cholesterol diet for 28 days to construct hyperlipidemic models. The anti-hyperlipidemic activity Bosentan against hyperlipidemia induced was evaluated in mice. Atorvastatin was used as a standard. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were measured. Compared with normal mice, hyperlipidemic mice possessed significantly higher lipid and liver enzymes profile outcomes. After treatment Bosentan, lipid levels and liver enzymatic activities in hyperlipidemic mice significantly decreased. Besides that, Bosentan treated group showed significant improvement in levels of tissue MDA and GPx in hyperlipidemic mice.

There are various therapies in the management of tumours. Immunotherapy is one of the most promising developed treatments included in the second line of many treatment protocols. The quality of life concept was recently evaluated in numerous RCTs to support the evidence in the selection of those therapies in treatment regimens.

Aim: To evaluate the quality of life in cancer patients and compare it in two intervention groups, first received chemotherapy alone or plus immunotherapy and second only immunotherapy.

Study design and method: Observational cross-sectional study, the study population of 92 cancer patients divided into two groups (Group A; chemo alone or with immunotherapy, and Group B Immunotherapy alone) visited Fortis Memorial Research Institute's chemo-daycare the period between September 11th, 2020 and April 28th, 2021. They evaluated QOL by administering the 3-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-3L) and The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General (FACT-G) questionnaires.

Results: Of the total study population, 65.2% of patients received chemotherapy alone or with immunotherapy, and 56.5% received only immunotherapy. The VAS score and all domains of E.Q. 5D-3L were statically significant at the follow-up, and in comparison to FACT-G scores, it was highest at week 15 and in comparison of both study arm group B shows a significant P-value is<0.05.

Conclusion: Results suggest the quality of life in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy is higher than in those who receive chemotherapy alone or plus immunotherapy; the improvement is well observed in week 12. Age, gender, stage, site of tumours, and the adverse events of the treatment directly affect the QOL

The present study was set to demonstrate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis infection and its effects on patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through determining their serum levels of anti-dsDNA and IL-18 antibodies. For this purpose, the sera from 132 SLE and/or toxoplasmosis patients and 30 healthy women, were collected. The study sample was divided into four groups of SLE, toxoplasmosis, SLE coinfected with toxoplasmosis, and healthy control. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies were examined for all the samples using ELISA kit. The results showed a high mean level of anti-Toxoplasma IgG among SLE patients coinfected with toxoplasmosis (104.8792±12.31585pg/ml) in comparison to that in toxoplasmosis patients (91.1705±12.57746pg/ml). However, the mean value of anti-dsDNA antibodies showed significant (P≤0.01) elevation in SLE patients and SLE patients coinfected with toxoplasmosis (71.2134±9.22131pg/ml and 72.3699±9.67917 pg/ml, respectively), compared to those infected with toxoplasmosis only and healthy control. Furthermore, the IL-18 mean value in the sera of the studied patients showed significant (P≤0.01) elevation (418.4000±43.18072pg/ml) in SLE patients with toxoplasmosis in comparison to SLE patients (354.4400±35.29257pg/ml). The present investigation suggests that the levels of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies seem to increase in patients with SLE. In addition, IL-18 levels were elevated in patients with toxoplasmosis, but those of anti-dsDNA were not affected.
Keywords---toxoplasma gondii, systemic lupus erythematosus, Interleukin-18, anti-ds DNA antibodies.

ABSTRACT:
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from a defect in the body's ability to produce and/or use insulin. It is believed that oxidative stress plays important role in the development of vascular complications in type 2 diabetes Objectives: to determine the serum concentrations of endogenous melatonin and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in cases of Type 2 DM and compare it with normal controls and to assess the correlation between melatonin and SOD. Materials and methods: A case control study was done on 70 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 according to ADA definition of DM type 2 recruited from Al Imamain Al-Kathemeaain medical city, Baghdad, Iraq who compared with 70 age, BMI and gender matched healthy control group in the levels of serum melatonin, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, serum urea and serum creatinine. Results: the activities of SOD enzyme were significantly (p=0.037) lower than those of controls which is accompanied with a significant reduction in the melatonin levels in patients comparing with controls with a significant positive correlation between GPX activity and melatonin levels in both patients and control groups. Conclusions: melatonin levels showed to be reduced significantly in diabetic patient which may play an essential role in reducing the defense mechanism against ROS via affecting the activity of GPx enzyme.

As COVID-19 affects human genes in several types of peripheral tissue, numerous disorders occur after recovery. The virus enters host cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors that affect bone remodeling, leading to osteopenia or osteoporosis, which is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD). The adult skeleton undergoes about 10% remodeling annually, which is crucial for preventing fatigue damage and preserving calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the rates of bone production and resorption causes bone loss. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is one of the regulators involved in the bone remodeling mechanism, it decreases the activity of NF-B receptors that activates the receptor activators of NF-B ligand (RANKL) pathway, which maintains the bone homeostasis balance. This study aims to find out the disruption of bone homeostasis balance in Iraqi post-COVID-19 patients.

There are several diseases in the body following recovery from COVID-19 infection because this virus operates on human genes in various types of peripheral tissue in the human body. It penetrates host cells via Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors and may have effects on bone remodeling, leading to osteopenia or osteoporosis, which are characterized by low bone mineral density, resulting in diminished bone strength. Bone Alkaline Phpsphatase is anenzyme released into the bloodstream as a soluble homodimer after being cleaved by a phospholipase and can be utilized as a biomarker of bone development. Objective:This research was designed to investigate the alteration of bone homeostasis balance in Iraqi post-COVID-19 infection patients

 A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was used for quantitative tannic acid in (rosemary, anise and cinnamon) with isocratic mode. the column which has been used is C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm i.d.;5 μm) at room temperature, with a mobile phase composed of methanol /water which the best ratio for separation tannic acid was (90:10 v: v%) at (pH 6) and the optimum flow rate was 1.5 mL/min, the run time (5 min) at a detection wavelength 277 nm at room temperature. The linearity of calibration curve was (0.1-60 μg mL-1). The value detection of limit and quantification were calculated to be 0.0037 and 0.0122 μg mL-1 respectively. The precision and accuracy were (98.18- 100.095%). The recoveries provided by the method were ranged between (-2.57-0.09).