Abstract: Ciprofloxacin (Cip) is spectrophotometrically identified through the formation of a colored charge-transfer complex that exhibits a maximum absorbance at 440 nm. This complex is generated by the reaction of the drug’s secondary amine with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in an alkaline medium in the presence of hydroxylamine (NH2OH). Classical univariate analysis is employed to optimize the experimental conditions affecting the formation of the charge-transfer (CT) complex. The method presented herein offers a straightforward and sensitive approach for quantifying ciprofloxacin within a concentration range of 50.0–250.0 µg/mL. The method exhibits a molar absorptivity of 364.4817 L/mol·cm and a coefficient of determination (r 2 ) of 0.997. Validation of the method is achieved through determination of the regression equation, accuracy, precision, and detection limit. The procedure is successfully applied to the quantification of ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations and demonstrates satisfactory recovery and precision. Statistical validation corroborates the reliability and repeatability of the obtained results. 

  Chloramphenicol is spectrophotometrically determined by the formation of a colored charge transfer exhibiting λ_max at 445 nm after the reaction of the secondary amine with sodium nitroprusside in the presence of NH₂OH in alkaline medium. Classical univariate and chemometric central composite experimental design approaches were used to find the optimum experimental conditions for the parameters affecting the formation of CT-complex. The proposed method is simple and sensitive for the determination of the drug in a concentration rage of 1.0-25.0 µg.mL^-1 with molar absorptivity 8.142 x 10³ L.mol^-1.cm. and r = 0.9995. The validity of the method was confirmed by finding the regression equation, accuracy, precision, and detection limit. Chloramphenicol was successfully determined in its pharmaceutical preparations by the developed procedure with a reasonable of recovery and precision. Statistical validation of the obtained results was made and the method shows acceptable recovery and repeatability.

  A simple, accurate and precise spectrophotometric method has been developed for the analysis of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) in pure form and pharmaceutical preparation. The method involves a direct charge transfer complexation of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in alkaline medium and the presence of hydroxyl amine hydrochloride. Variables affecting the formation of the formed orange colored complex were optimized following two approaches univariate and central composite experimental design (CCD) multivariate. Under optimum recommended conditions, the formed complex exhibits λmax at 512 nm and the method conforms Beer's law for SMZ concentration in the range of 5.0-150.0 (µg.mL^-1) with molar absorptivity 1.139×10³ L.mol^-1.cm^-1, and r = 0.9997. Analysis of SMZ pharmaceutical dosages shows a good agreement with the real amounts.

Background: chronic Periodontitis is considered to be an inflammatory disease and is characterized by the damaging the connective tissue and supporting bone due to secondary infection by periodontal bacteria. Chlorhexidine has been used in the dental practice as an excellent antiplaque agent. Chlorhexidine not only exhibits special property of substantivity, it also possesses a broad antimicrobial spectrum which makes its use in wide variety of oral disorders. Virtually all disciplines of dentistry make use of this material in different formulations like mouth wash, gel, spray, varnish, and restorative material.
Aims of study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of locally delivered Chlorhexidine gel as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing in treatment of chronic periodontitis.
Material and methods: five patients with chronic periodontitis were selected. Pocket depth between 4 and 6 mm was selected and the patient had two sites on his mouth (splitting mouth). A total of 17 control sites were scaled and root planed and 17 test sites were scaled and root planed and Chlorhexidine gel was added. The clinical parameters, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival index were recorded at baseline, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks.
Results: From baseline to a period of 4 weeks, significant difference was found between test and control group for PD, CAL, PI and BOP.
Conclusions: Subgingival injection of Chlorhexidine gel adjunct with scaling and root planing appeared to cause significant improvement compared with scaling and root planing alone in persons with chronic periodontitis.

In the field in Iraq Ectomyelois ceratoniae had four generations on an artificial diet and four to five generations on pomegranate fruits. On an artificial diet the mean time for development from egg to adult ranged from 41 to 59 days for the first three generations. Fourth-generation larvae entered diapause in the fall and averaged 241 days. Insect population increased progressively during the fruiting season. Mean percentage of infestation increased from 20% by early generations to more than 80%. High infestation was observed in southcentral areas of Iraq. Orchards in which sanitation was poor were highly infested.

Adaptation of a population of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), to laboratory rearing conditions takes six generations. Average larva and pupa periods were 17 and 7 days, respectively; the adult lives 2–10 days. Oviposition ceased after day 8. Polynomial curves of the percentage of fertile females, viable eggs, and progeny per female per day reflect similarity in shapes with three peaks on days 4 and 5. Higher numbers of eggs were laid by laboratory-reared females. Female fertility increased from 22% in the F₁ to 42% in the F₆. However, unmated females with no eggs laid decreased from 48% in F₁ to 17% in F₆. Wild males lacked competitiveness and did not transfer sperm to the wild females as frequently as to the fertilized females of the laboratory colony. Higher percentage of eggs hatching was found with three to four pairs in a mating container.

ABSTRACT Background: This study compared in vitro the marginal adaptation of three different, low shrink, direct posterior composites Filtek™ P60 (packable composite), Filtek™ P90 (Silorane-based composite) and Sonic fill™ (nanohybrid composite) at three different composite/enamel interface regions (occlusal, proximal and gingival regions) of a standardized Class II MO cavity after thermal changes and mechanical load cycling by scanning electron microscopy. Materials and methods:Thirty six sound human maxillary first premolars of approximately comparable sizes were divided into three main groups of (12 teeth) in each according to the type of restorative material that was used: group (A) the teeth were restored with Filtek™ P60 and single bond™ Universal adhesive using horizontal incremental technique, group (B)the teeth were restored with Filtek™ P90 and P90 system adhesive using horizontal incremental technique and group (C) the teeth were restored with Sonic fill™ composite and single bond™ Universal adhesive using bulk technique.After specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 7 days, all specimens were subjected to thermocycling at (5° to 55 °C), then submitted to mechanical load cycling (intermittent axial force of 49N and a total of 50.000 cycles). The specimens were observed under scanning electron microscope at (2000 X) to measure marginal gap width (the distance between the dental wall and the restoration) at occlusal, proximal and gingival regions in micrometer using Tescan software, version 3.5. Data were analyzed statistically by one way ANOVA test and least significant difference tests. Results:The results showed that the silorane-based posterior composite (Filtek™ P90) showed significantly the least marginal gap width at the occlusal, proximal and gingival regions after the application of thermal changes and mechanical load cycling in comparison to the two methacrylate-based posterior composite Filtek™ P60 (packable) and the Sonic fill™ (nano-hybrid). Sonic fill™ bulk fill composite that relied on the vibration concept to lower the viscosity of high filler loaded composite material showed significantly lesser marginal gaps width at occlusal, proximal and gingival composite/enamel interface regions in comparison with Filtek™ P60 (packable composite) using horizontal incremental technique. The silorane-based composite (Filtek™ P90) showed non-significant difference in marginal gaps width at the three different regions. While, both methacrylate based Filtek™ P60 and Sonic fill™ composite showed significantly lesser marginal gap width at the occlusal region in comparison with gingival regions. Conclusion: None of the low-shrinkage composite restorative materials tested in this study totally prevented micro-gap formation at composite/enamel interfaces of Class II MO cavity.Key words: Scanning electron microscope, marginal gap, Filtek™P60, Filtek™P90, Sonic fill™. (J Bagh Coll Dentistry 2014; 26(4):63-70).

Background: Gestational hypertension exerts a great challenge on the maternal cardiovascular system, inspite of this fact, there is lack of reports regarding the maternal diastolic function in gestational hypertensionwhich precedes systolic dysfunction in any cardiovascular complications.Objectives: To evaluate the maternal left ventricular diastolic function in gestational hypertensive women in thethird trimester by measuring the mitral inflow parameters with pulse wave Doppler and Tissue DopplerImaging.Patients and Methods: This studywas conducted in Baghdad teaching hospital from November 2015 to June2016. Sixty gestational hypertensive womenwith singleton pregnancy in the third trimester, aged 29.7 ± 5.9year, gestational hypertension was defined as systolicblood pressure that is equal or more than 140 mmHg ordiastolic bloodpressurethatequals or exceeds 90 mmHg and starts after 20 weeks of gestation withoutproteinuria were enrolled in this study. Another 50 Normal pregnant womenaged 28 ± 3.18year served ascontrols. The left ventricular diastolic function was studied using two transthoracic echocardiographicmethods: Pulsed wave Doppler (PWD) to measure the transmitral flow velocity including the early maximumvelocity of mitral inflow(E wave), the late maximum velocity of mitral inflow (A wave), and E/A ratio wasrecorded. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) to measure thelateralmitral annular velocity (lateral é), the septalmitral annular velocity (septal é) and their average (é) was calculated. The ratio of E/é was recorded.Results: Gestational hypertensive women hadsignificant lower E wave velocity compared tonormal pregnantwomen (P value was 0.001). “A”wave velocity was higher in gestational hypertensive women with statisticaldifference(P value 0.002) and E/A was significant low in gestational hypertension with P value <0.05. TissueDoppler imaging showed significant difference in é velocity which was lowerin gestational hypertensive women(P value 0.001). E/éin gestational hypertension showed significantly higher value than controls with Pvalue<0.05.Conclusion: Gestational hypertension puts the maternal heart under pressure and volume overload associatedwith impaired relaxation as manifested by the changes inthe left ventricular diastolic function measured bytransthoracic echocardiography
 

Background: Gestational hypertension represents a transient period of elevated blood pressure with special effects on the maternal left ventricle that is different from the effects observed in chronic essential hypertension; it affects a previously normal heart and lasts for a maximum of nine months associated with volume and pressure overload on the maternal heart. Tei index (also called myocardial performance index) was found to be a dependent combined index evaluating the systolic and diastolic function of the left ventricle and represents a sensitive indicator for many types of heart diseases. Objective: to evaluate the effects of gestational hypertension on the maternal myocardial function during the third trimester by measuring the Tie index using transthoracic echocardiography. Method: This study was performed in Baghdad teaching hospital in the time period from November 2015 to August 2016. The study included a total of 150 women; 100 women had gestational hypertension, in the third trimester of a singleton pregnancy and with a mean age (29.83 ± 5.33 year), gestational hypertension was identified as elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg that emerges after the 20th week of gestation with proteinuria level lower than 300 mg/dl. Another 50 normotensive pregnant women with singleton pregnancy and mean age (28 ± 3.18 year) were used as controls. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT) were measured to find the type of hypertrophy in gestational hypertension. Ejection fraction (EF) was measured with 2D directed M mode echocardiography, and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), isovolumic contraction rime (ICT) and ejection time (ET) were measured for both groups using pulse wave Doppler echocardiography in order to calculate the myocardial performance index which is also called “Tei index” and equals the sum of IVRT and IVCT divided by the ET (Tei index = IVRT+IVCT/ET). Results: Left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness were significantly higher in gestational hypertensive women, 41% of gestational hypertensive women had normal geometry and 59% had abnormal geometry (34% eccentric hypertrophy, 19% concentric hypertrophy and 6% concentric remodeling). IVRT and IVCT were significantly higher in gestational hypertensive women with p value of 0.0001 and P = 0.003. ET showed a non-significant lower values (p= 0.34) in gestational hypertensive women. Tei index was significantly higher in Gestational hypertension (P=0.011). Conclusion: Women with gestational hypertension had altered myocardial function characterized by the higher Tei index values associated with eccentric hypertrophy which can be explained by the fact that gestational hypertension poses higher afterload on the left ventricle instead the state of low peripheral resistance that is ysually expected during normotensive pregnancy. 

ABSTRACT : Ideal cardiac performance is dependent on coronary circulation. Which can be determined by measuring the coronary sinus blood flow (CSBF); as it provides a good estimation on global LV perfusion. Hypertension is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, yet, still there is some debate about coronary sinus blood flow in hypertension. Evaluate the relation between CSBF and left ventricular (LV) mass in individuals with hypertension and coronary artery disease. In the time between January 2020 and March 2021, a total of 70 patients referred for diagnostic cardiac catheterization at Baghdad Teaching Hospital for suspected coronary artery disease and potential PCI were included in this study. All PCIs were successful, with good angiographic results. Transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler flow imaging was used to determine CSBF. Among the selected patients 33 were hypertensive with coronary artery disease, while, 17 patients were normotensive with coronary artery disease. 20 patients were normotensive without coronary artery disease and served as controls. LV internal dimensions, interventricular septum, posterior wall thickness and LV mass were recorded. Regarding the coronary sinus, the peak and mean velocity, the peak and mean pressure gradient and the velocity time integral VTI were recorded. The Coronary sinus blood flow (CSBF) was calculated according to the formula: [(CSVTI) × (cross-sectional area of the CS) × (heart rate)). In comparison with controls, hypertensive patients without CAD had significantly higher VTI and mean gradient (20.48±1.8 cm and 0.935±.108mmHg vs 18.63±1.5 cm and 0.53±0.2). They also had significantly higher CSBF (554.653±70 mL/min compared to 501.64±63.8 mL/min, p value <0.05). On the other hand, they had significantly lower global LV perfusion 2.71±.7 mL/min/g compared to 3.04±0.7 mL/min/g in normotensive patients). Compared with normotensive patients with CAD, those who were hypertensive with CAD had significantly lower CS diameter (0.65±11.3 cm compared to 0.7±12.8 cm), significantly higher VTI and CSBF (13.81±2 cm and 338.57±43.9 ml/min in hypertensive with CAD, compared to 11.28±1.1 cm and 259.42±35.5 ml/min in normotensive ones). LV mass was significantly higher (244.95±36.26 g/m2) than (170±57.7 g/m2) in normotensive patients with CAD. As a result, hypertensive patients with CAD had significantly lower LV perfusion than the normotensive patients (1.042± 0.27 mL/minute compared to 1.58±0.53mL/minute). In conclusion, hypertension is associated with an increase in CSBF; attention should be taken while assessing hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. There is highly important inverse relationship between global perfusion and LV mass.