The Impact of Spatial Location of function inside building to improve distinguishing Architectural Forms as an urban    Landmark

1Al KhafajiIbtisamAbdulelah Mohammed

Department of Architecture, Al -ESRAA University College, Baghdad, Iraq

alkhafajiibtisam@yahoo.com

2Maha Haki

Department of Architecture, Al -ESRAA University College, Baghdad, Iraq

maha@esraa.edu.iq

Abstract .Great buildings and places attract   people and the close environment profited of this phenomenon, the beauty, which discovered part by part used to be much more attractive than visible in whole. This research discuss that the  mental image of any place, is not a copy of reality, but rather as a simulation of that reality ,it is an intellectual reconfiguration of the event or phenomenon, and the clarity of this image is related to the possibility of distinguishing   forms , function  and spaces  as a spatial   landmark   . In all these processes,the importantpoint is the attempt to involve man in the process of interpretation architectural environment. Due to the important roles of functions and location inside buildings, the objective aim of   this research is to indicate how we can improve distinguishing architectural form as a landmark by choosing good location of functions inside buildings. In order to capture this aim, three basic concepts have been identified and framed into a conceptual structure, (functions as generative forces, , distinguishing  forms, spatial locations ) then we used  self-assessment practical tools to test hypothesis  . Results explained that   functions and   location inside building create a spatial centers in urban environments  and create a field of forces that attract people  , central and peripheral   location  have the same importance in terms of improving distinguishing by  attracting peoples ,while distinguishing forms in widespread location  depend on the possibilities of people to fined continuity of connections between these locations.

Keywords:Spatial forces functions locationdistinguishing landmark

Abstract

Contemporary urban environments Constitute temporal extension to the traditional and historical environments as a result of a response to contemporary challenges facing cities and urban places, And as a reaction against the modern trends brought to the urban fabric, which require reconsidering to the legislation codes and standards that contribute in production urban environment which achieve possible life chances, response to contemporary Challenges, including the social, economic, environmental, cultural and aesthetic challenges of competing at different levels (local, regional and global).

Urban design concerned in place making that consent current and future human need, and contain his intellectual, cultural, social and economic activities, that reflects his identity, presence and personality within the place. Therefore we must take the sustainable healthy trend as the most important contemporary urban trends, that gave increasing attention in making place and ways to conversion the space  to active and effective place, characterized by a set of dimensions and features, and the social dimension is one of the important dimensions in making a sustainable healthy place, also the urban center consider as an important  characteristics in structuring healthy place  and sustainable within the contemporary urban projects..

Accordingly, many organizations, institutions and associations concerned to making health, social and sustainable places, which act as contemporary interactive urban environments able to work, live and learn.

While that the locally urban places centers are suffer from a lack of clarity in dealing policies according to the sustainable healthy urban trend, so research problem emerged (Lack of knowledge to the vocabulary of sustainable social dimension and the urban center features that contribute in healthy place making within cities), and to processing the research problem and through global studies and experiments we have been building a theoretical framework for making a sustainable healthy place, according to the vocabulary of the social dimension and features of the urban center.

Then depending on the theoretical framework vocabulary we had been analyzed a number of international metropolitan cities which includes a range of sustainable health places which designed according to this approach which consider the social dimension as one of the dimensions that contribute to the cities health and sustainability

After analyzing the results appeared that the social dimension contributes in making the sustainable healthy places through achieving prosperity, civilization excellence and promotion of the social cohesion and integration, through the strengthening of, community participation, development a sense of belonging to the place, revival the association memory and improve the quality of life within the city.

Also finding that urban center features has a role in making a healthy urban place through visual coherence, and strengthen principle of centralization, legibility, vitality, safe and support the aesthetic attractiveness and the diversity.

Then evaluating the local experience of Baghdad city, according to the social dimension vocabulary and urban center features vocabulary, in order to achieve sustainable healthy urban centers, characterize by flexibility, legibility, attractively, safety, security and Social integration and prosperity.

Finally reached to a theoretical model explain the impact of contemporary healthy urban trend in the place making according to the sustainable social dimension and the urban center features.

Key words: Making the Contemporary Urban Place, Making Sustainable Healthy Place, Sustainable Healthy Social Dimension, Contemporary Urban Places, Contemporary Challenges, Urban Center features.

Rapid changes and developments have brought contemporary intellectual theories and different and diverse ties to highlight the different and multiple concepts contribute to the definition of any philosophy and intellect, which are frequent and mutant methods and demonstrations of the same values and origins which in turn describe the state of existence, continuity, permanence and human communication, the most important concepts are Difference and contradiction as the basis of everything, and without them there is no existence or knowledge.

most contemporary studies focused on the different critical methods linked to the semantics and meanings that express architecture on the one hand, and methods of expression, invocation and illustration on the other hand, and both are contribute in the formation and creation of architecture and enrich its architectural output, despite the wide presentation of the concepts of difference and contradiction but these propositions only addressing each notion separately without knowing their relationship as critical methods and trends shaping the contemporary architecture and achieving communication with community structure, So the problem of research has determined with (lack of comprehensive knowledge study describes the most important applied mechanisms to concepts of difference and contradiction as critical methods contribute to the production of continuous civilized building formation patterns of interaction between the designer objective and the receiver subjective), In order to address this problem, a conceptual framework was built for the methods of difference and contradiction, and the election a number of architectural projects of "Eisenman" which shows difference and contradiction as a clear critical trends and methods as applied mechanisms or strategies produce emerged architecture formation patterns of outreached architectural output among clones of what is happening globally or immersed in cloning for local references, and then described and evaluated them in accordance with indicators drawn from the conceptual framework of the concepts of difference and contradiction that place and give the more plausible explanation, presenting a number of recommendations to depend on  as critical methodology contribute in production of patterns forming architecture, its recognition swinging  between what is subjective accompanies sensory perception and what is that accompanies mental perception, and as sentimental mechanism for networking events, harmony and pleasure and thrill in physical output.

Keywords- difference, contradiction, modulation patterns, criticism methods of architectural, architect Peter Eisenman.

الخلاصة – شغلت العلاقة بين الوظيفة والجمال الباحثين والفلاسفة والفنانين و المعماريين وعلى مر العصور في محاولات مستمرة لفهم وتحديد المعاني وبيان الاهمية ودرجة التأثير المتبادل . يناقش `هذا البحث بالتحليل دور التعدد الوظيفي    وتأثيره على تقوية  القيم الجمالية للتكوين المعماري في العمارة الاسلامية المعاصرة . عرف البحث اجرائيا التعدد الوظيفي بانه مراكز قوى مولدة   كما عرف الجمال بانه التوافق والتجانس في الخصائص  الهندسية للشكل المعماري  .ان عدم وضوح العلاقة بين التعدد الوظيفي وتعزيز القيم الجمالية  مشكلة البحث الرئيسية ,  وعليه تحدد هدف البحث  بتوضيح  تأثير التعددية الوظيفة  على تعزيز  القيم الجمالية للشكل المعماري. وقد تطلب تحقيق الهدف بناء الاطار النظري الذي على ضوئه طرحت فرضية البحث الرئيسية  والتي تنص على ان التعدد الوظيفي  يعمل كأسلوب اسناد وتقوية للقيم الجمالية للشكل المعماري من خلال تعزيز  التوافق الهندسي  للشكل المعماري . تم اختيار خمسة مشاريع للمناقشة تمثل مراكز اسلامية معاصرة و متعددة الوظيفة وتم تطبيق مقياس فرق التباين الدلالي    لتحليل المتغيرات  وباختيار عينة تتكون من عشرين شخصا Semantic  differential scale   .توصل البحث بان التعددية الوظيفية لها دور كبير في اسناد القيم الجمالية للشكل المعماري من خلال تعزيز التوافق الهندسي عن طريق تعريف الخاصية وتميزها وتكثيفها بالإضافة الى تكثيف ترابطها البصري والفيزيائي.

الكلمات الرئيسية –" الجمال، التعدد الوظيفي، التوافق الهندسي، اساليب التقوية ، المراكز المتوافقة ".

عمارة المساجد الجامعة، واحدة من ابرز الانماط المعمارية للأبنية المعبرة عن الهوية الاسلامية، منذ بدء ظهورها مع الدين الاسلامي، ولها مكانة عظمى واهمية بالغة في حياة المسلمين لا غنى عنها، لأهميتها الدينية كمكان خصص لأداء الصلوات الجامعة والعيدين، بالإضافة الى اهميتها الدنيوية كمركز للسلطة القضائية، ينبوع للثقافة والتعليم، وملتقى لتقوية الاواصر الاجتماعية بين المسلمين.

Abstract:The tunnel lining systems act as lines of defenceagainst the forces and geotechnical situations. The use ofprecast concrete tunnel linings (PCTLs) has been escalat-ing due to its effective and economical installation process.The tunnels usually suffer from the premature deteriora-tion due to corrosion of the reinforcement and thus needmaintenance. Corrosion leads to the distress in PCTL lead-ing to the cracking and finally the scaling of concrete. Thisstudy aims to assess the structural durability performanceof reactive powder concrete (RPC) as the material of tunnellining segments compared to reinforced concrete (RC) andhigh performance concrete (HPC). The numerical findingsindicated that the maximum load capacity of PRC-PCTL seg-ments was greater than that of the corresponding RC andHPC segments. Regarding the findings, PRC is a very signif-icant option for conventional segments. The high strengthof PRC can decrease the thickness of the PCTL segments,resulting in the decreased material cost. Also, PRC-PCTLsegments can eliminate the laborious and costly produc-tion of RC segments and mitigate the corrosion damage andthus enhance the service life of lining segments.

This paper examines a progression of experimental studies designed to investigate the response of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to static and high-mass low-velocity impact loads. A total of ten reinforced concrete slabs were tested: three specimens were tested under static load by loading the specimens at their mid-point, and seven specimens were tested under impact load to research the high-mass, low-velocity impact behaviours of reinforced concrete slabs using a dropweight facility. Measurements methods included a load cell, acceleration, strain in the reinforcement steel and a laser sensor to measure deflection in the centre and various quarters of the slabs (LVDT). The experimental variables included in this study focused mainly on the thickness of slab under static and impact loads, the mass of the striking object, and the height of the striking object for impact loads. The results showed that under static loads, the mean of the thickness of the slab increased by 33 to 100%, the maximum deflection at the central point decreased by 45 to 63 %, and the load capacity of the slabs increased by 77 to 265%. With respect to high-mass low-velocity impact loads, as the slab thickness increase by 33to 100%, the maximum deflection at the centre of the slabs decreased by 47.7 to 84 % and the impact force increased by 37.5 to 102%. When the height of the striking object was increased by 33 to 66%, the maximum central deflection of the slabs also increased by 24 to 72.3%, and the impact loads increased by 11 to 23.3%. Increases in the mass of the striking object by 50 to 100% led to the maximum central deflection of the slabs increasing by about 54 to 122% and to the impact loads increasing by 13 to 18.6%.

This paper shows a progression of experimental studies to investigate the response of reinforced concrete slabs when subjected to high-mass low-velocity impact loads. The researcher has confirmed that FRP composites are effective for strengthening a wide variety of concrete structural members. To date, very little published research has been performed on the behavior of strengthened two-way slabs under impact loads. The purpose of this study is to investigate experimentally on behavior slabs strengthening with CFRP. A total of seven reinforced concrete slabs were tested under the effect of impact load by a drop-weight facility. Measurements involved a load cell, accelerometer, strain gauges in the reinforcement steel and concrete, and using (a laser sensor, LVDT) to measure deflection in the center and quarter of the slabs. These experimental variables included in this study were focused mainly on the formation and dimension of carbon fiber under impact loads. The test results showed that the adding carbon fibers were active in increasing slab capacity and mitigating local damage under the impact, as the strengthening of slabs by CFRP, the increased in an impact force of the slabs about (11.9– 19.5%) and the maximum deflection at the central slabs decreased by (6.5–22%). It can be observed that the increase in the area of the CFRP layer under the impact region led to more decrease of the deflection. With regard to acceleration, it is evident that the distribution of forces acting on the plate also varies over the course of the event and that the evolution of the inertial force resulted in load distributions that are significantly different from those developed in static test conditions. The evolution of inertial forces in impact loading conditions resulted in observed responses then failure patterns governed by shear. 

The emergence of many free structures in contemporary architecture and the transformation in aesthetics toward complex curved and folded shapes has led to a search for computer-aided design and geometric manipulations using discrete surfaces, which contributed to the creation of complex architectural surfaces that are both simple and economical at the same time. However, it is difficult to achieve such surfaces because of the complexity of representing them in an applicable and executable engineering body  , and the hardship of studying and representing them structurally for they need a set of special engineering programs to obtain the required structural strength. Further, There is aneed for other engineering programs To simplify those surfaces and turn them into applicable ones. Hence, the research problem emerged to shed light on the "lack of a theoretical perception describing discrete surfaces and their role in formation the structure of contemporary architecture." The research initially dealt with the general knowledge of the discrete surfaces, and then extracted the theoretical framework relying on  our knowledge about those surfaces, through presenting and analyzing three architectural examples to clarify the nature of those discrete surfaces and submit the main conclusions, recommendations and sources.

Nature's strategies and solutions represent a significant and rich source to benefit from in creating an architectural composition that corresponds to its structure, which leads to the emergence of unexpected, vibrant, and constantly changing architectural forms due to the continuous development and progress in technology and science. Transformation is one of the strategies of nature that can be used to form the structure of future architecture, characterized by diversity and continuous formal change. Therefore, this strategy must be studied to create an adaptive architectural structure. The research aims to develop a theoretical framework that explains the role of transformation strategy in forming the structure of future architecture. The study thus reviews the basic concepts of transformation and future architecture. Then it presents the mechanisms to achieve transformation in architecture. Indicators of the conceptual framework of the transformation strategy are extracted from the knowledge provided about it. The conceptual framework represents a tool for enhancing the transformation strategy taken from nature to create innovative future architectural structures that look like living organisms, where they can perform adaptation processes and formal diversity.

Technological development is an important element in the development of architecture and works to change the perception of the way buildings are designed, which leads to future horizons to imagine unprecedented architecture, based on the rules of the unfamiliar in architectural forms and the trend towards dynamic forms by taking nature as a source of inspiration in addition to the possibilities of technology For building materials, resulting in the emergence of unexpected, vibrant, and ever-changing architectural forms. Future architecture depends on the use of digital generation tools to form its free dynamic structure, and algorithms are one of the digital tools used today as a tool for generation and structural optimization. Therefore, the research problem of "the lack of a theoretical perception that describes algorithms and their role in shaping the structure of future architecture ". The research initially dealt with the general knowledge of algorithms, and then the theoretical framework for algorithms was extracted through the analysis of several architectural studies, After than, an applied example of the role of these algorithms was studied and analyzed, and then the main conclusions, recommendations and sources were presented.

Evaluation of soil-structure interaction for structures subjected to earthquake loading with different types of foundation 2016

يشرح هذا المقال ماهية الهندسة القيمية وكيفية استخدامها في بناء المشاريع في بغداد، العراق. فهو يعطي الوصف والتاريخ والأهداف والغايات والبحث والشرح. يشرح هذا القسم المقصود بالهندسة القيمية لمشاريع البناء في بغداد، العراق. منذ عام 2009 وحتى الآن، عندما دخل الاقتصاد العالمي في حالة ركود، كان على صناعة البناء في العراق أن تتعامل مع الكثير من المشاكل. يتعين على الشركات اليوم التعامل مع الكثير من المنافسة. وبسبب توقف المشاريع، فقدت بعض الشركات جميع أعمالها تقريباً. لقد كان حدثاً عالمياً لم يتوقعه أحد، خاصة بالنظر إلى مدى التغير الذي طرأ على العراق في السنوات الثلاث إلى الخمس الماضية. على الرغم من أن احتياجات العملاء آخذة في النمو، ومن المتوقع حدوث خسائر في الإيرادات والوظائف لعام 2009 حتى الآن، إلا أن هناك طرقًا للحفاظ على القدرة التنافسية. وتشمل هذه إعادة تقييم العمليات التجارية، والتفرع إلى مجالات أخرى، واعتماد تكنولوجيا جديدة وأكثر كفاءة.
بين عامي 2000 و2021، نمت أعمال البناء في العراق بسرعة. رغم أن الاقتصاد سيء
في الوقت الحالي، لدى مجلس التخطيط العمراني في بغداد خطط "لمبادرات جديدة كبرى من خلال السادس
2025 ". تعتبر هندسة القيمة جديدة في صناعة البناء ولا يتم استخدامها غالبًا في العراق. ستصبح هندسة القيمة أكثر أهمية في العراق مع تغير تكاليف البناء، وتصبح إمدادات الطاقة أكثر محدودية، ويصبح السوق أكثر تنافسية. هيئة التطوير الحضري في بغداد وضع قواعد جديدة للبناء.
 

In this article, a novel concept for mutual coupling reduction between antenna elements is proposed at 2.45 GHz for Wi-Fi applications. A reject band filter (RBF) is used in order to reduce the mutual coupling between two monopoles for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. The proposed RBF inclusions are developed to have zero refractive index response over a specific frequency band. The inclusions considered here are composed of open-loop resonators; each one with the same iteration level of Minkowski-like pre-fractal structures coupled with an open-stub transmission line to increase the band selectivity. The inclusions are inserted between λ/2-spaced monopole elements at 2.45 GHz. A significant mutual coupling reduction is realized by incorporating only two RBF cells. Such effective response is attributed to the electromagnetic wave cloaking at 2.45 GHz using the developed RBF inclusions. An extensive theoretical study using both numerical and analytical methods is invoked to obtain the best performance of the proposed MIMO antenna structure. Finally, the experimental and numerical results are agreed excellently.

In this paper, an Ultra-Wide-Band (UWB) printed monopole antenna based Hard Surface (HS) is proposed for RF energy harvesting to serve the application of the Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed antenna is constructed of a monopole of an open mouth flower patch mounted on an FR4 substrate and followed by an HS array. The antenna is backed with a partial ground plane to enhance the antenna bandwidth. The stability in the antenna radiation pattern over the entire frequency band is achieved by introducing three rows of the proposed HS based on H-Resonators (HS-HR) next to the patch edge. Such arrays provide an Omni directional antenna at several frequency bands that suit the application of RF energy harvesting. The array of the proposed HS-HR provides high electromagnetic impedance within the frequency band of interest toward the patch length. Numerical simulations are accompanied using CST MWS and HFSS software packages to evaluate the antenna performance. Finally, the related measurements to the antenna performance and RF harvesting are conducted at 2.45GHz. It is found that the proposed antenna provides a conversion efficiency of 35% with an acceptable gain-bandwidth product.

Multiband bandpass filters (BPFs) are one of the core elements in the multi-services wireless communication systems. For this purpose, this paper presents a design of a compact multiband microstrip BPF design based on fractal open loop configuration. The proposed filter structure is composed of an array of equal side length open-loop resonators; each with different fractal iteration level. More specifically, the modified Minkowski fractal geometry has been adopted to be applied to the conventional openloop rectangular resonator. The resulting filter configuration has an array of different open-loop structures corresponding to various iteration levels. The simulation of the presented filter is performed using the EM Sonnet software package environment. The proposed filter is printed on a substrate of dielectric constant is 10.8 with thickness 1.27 mm. A filter structure with three resonators having different fractal iteration levels offers a triple band frequency response around 3.05 GHz, 2.05 GHz, and 1.68 GHz. Each of the three resonant bands is attributed by a distinct resonator according to the iteration levels. Additional resonant bands can be realized using extra loops with higher iteration levels.

This paper is presented for performance evaluation of different adaptive beamforming algorithms in smart antenna system (SAS). These algorithms can be divided into Blind، Non-Blind and Constrained Minimum Variance Algorithms. This work introduces analytical detailed study of adaptive beamforming algorithms، which are classified Least- Mean Squares (LMS)، Normalized LMS (NLMS)، Variable Step Size LMS (VSSLMS)، Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) and Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM) as Non-blind algorithms. Blind algorithms are classified Constant Modulus Algorithms (CMA) and Recursive Least-Squares Constant Modulus Algorithm (RLSCMA). In addition to Constrained Adaptive Algorithms or Constrained Minimum Variance Algorithms، which are classified Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance (LCMV)، Multiple Constrained MV (MCMV) and Complementally Transformed Minimum Variance (CTMV). Comparison between these algorithms is performed in terms of the interference rejection capability and number of iterations required to get to the steady state or rate of convergence. Depending on results of comparison، suitable or optimal algorithms are selected in smart antenna system according to radio situation and purpose of this SAS. Results of simulations in MATLAB are presented for performance illustrations.

This paper indicates importance of algorithms of estimation direction of arrival (DOA) of incoherent signals in smart antenna system (SAS). DOA algorithms can be divided into three basic categories, namely, conventional (classical), subspaces methods, and parametric methods like maximum likelihood (ML) techniques. The paper introduces, using Uniform Linear Array, brieflly study of conventional methods, which include Delay-and-Sum and Capon's Minimum Variance, and analytical detailed study of subspaces methods, which include MUSIC, Root-MUSIC and ESPRIT. This paper compares between subspaces algorithms and determines advantages and disadvantages in terms of DOA accuracy, resolution and execution time or computation efficiency. Results indicate that subspaces methods outperform conventional methods. In addition, ESPRIT and Root-MUSIC outperform MUSIC according to DOA estimation accuracy and resolution, but MUSIC outperforms Root-MUSIC and ESPRIT when DOAs are placed on grid of angular scanning. MUSIC scans all the angles and step of angular scanning in MUSIC decides the estimation accuracy and resolution. A small step of scanning can improve the accuracy and resolution ability, but increase execution time. As well as, ESPRIT is the best due to estimation execution time. Depending on results of comparison, we can choose which of these algorithms (suitable or optimal algorithm) in smart antenna system according to radio situation and purpose of this SAS. All mentioned algorithms are simulated using MATLAB. Results of simulations support the theoretical expressions.